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F'rose. ArgE ) Poetry. 



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(Shai^les Sghopield. 




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PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 

riiK Sax Fkancisco Nkws Company 
1880. 




Sketch Book. 

PROSE 

POETRY. 



CHARLES SCHOFIELH. 
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PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 

The San Francisco News Company. 
1886. 



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< 'opyrigJU 1886, h/ Charles SchofieJd. 



INTRODUCTION 



fHE following named pieces of prose and poetry, 
which compose the contents of this little book, 
were written at intervals of leisure during the last 
six years, while engaged prospecting quartz in the 
mountains of Tuolumne County, California, and 
they are very respectfully dedicated to an appre- 
ciative and generous public, by the Author. 



CONTENTS. 



— +. — 

I'AGE 

My Early Years at Home 8 

My Last Term at School 27 

Narrative of a California Pioneer 35 

A New Departure on Temperance 62 

A Sermon on Political Economy (35 

Ireland 82 

A New National Song 83 

Grand Army of Labor S5 

Address to Workingmen 88 

Preamble and Constitution 101 

General Eegulations 105 

Our Labor System 112 

Hours of Labor 117 

Our Eagle Flag 117 

The Wonders of Yosemite 118 

The Great Eebellion and Gen. U. S. Grant 125 

The Men of Forty-nine 132 

To Mary— The Mountain Girl 136 

Lines on the Death of Little Maggie Foot 137 

My Humble Home 138 

Great Manitou 139 

Sonora 142 

Love One Another 142 

Questions. 143 

True Love. 145 



b* CONTEXTS. 

PAGE. 

Lines on the Death of the Four Little Children of Mr. and 

M re. Drew 147 

The Mountain Maid 148 

Sonora, the Queen of the Mountain 150 

The Fairest of the Fair 151 

Valentine 151 

Royal Feasts 152 

The Wheel Goes Round 153 

Way Up Among the Pines 154 

The Old Susquehanna 155 

Our Martyred President 156 

Our Independence Day 156 

Our Ancestors 156 

Village Scandal 158 

Adventures of .a Blue-jay, as Related by Himself . . 159 

Our Country 165 

The Eagle and the Buzzard 167 

Education and Liberty 168 

Written for Miss Levetta Scofield in Her Album 169 

My Old Cat 169 

Writing Without Pay 170 

Thoughts and Conclusions on Reading Narratives of the 

Survivors of the Jeannette 171 

Funeral Address 1 74 

The Republican Party 180 

The Sunday Law 1S4 

OurGirla 1S5 



MY EARLY YEARS AT HOME 



WAS born and raised in a log cabin in the wild 
woods of central New York. My father having 
to clear up the heavily timbered land upon which 
we lived, with a large family to support (seven boys 
and five girls), and in very straitened circum- 
stances, it may well be imagined thai we all had to 
work very hard from the time that we were large 
enough to do anything, in order to make both ends 
of the year meet. Very little time was allowed for 
play or for instruction al the little country school 
house, which was located across the fields and through 
the woods, about one mile and a half from our resi- 
dence. 

While we were yet quite small we attended school 
pretty regularly during the pleasant summer months, 
only remaining home rainy days or when we were 
indisposed; but when older and able to do a little work, 
we only went to school a portion of the winter, when 
work was slack, and the snow not so deep as to make 
it impossible for us to force our way through it. At 
such times, we nearly always had books at home, 
from the school libraries (which had then been 
very recently established throughout the country), 
with which we spent nearly every idle hour, and by 
this means gained much useful knowledge. 

Speaking of myself, individually, my mind was so 
much absorbed in reading histories and the lives of 
great men, of all nations and ages, that reading soon 
became a passion with me and often kept me up into 
the late hours of the night, b}^ firelight when other 
lights were not to be had; and the next day I would 
think over what I had read, and would often repeat 



8 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

the whole story to my brothers, or other associates, 
in my own language while at work. 

As time rolled on, I began to have a great longing 
for a more thorough and extensive education than 
my father had been able to give me at home. 1 laid 
the matter before him as well as J was able, and 
asked his permission to go away from home to school. 
To this proposition he would not listen for a moment. 
He said that I had as much schooling as any of my 
brothers, and all that he could afford to give me; 
that my work was needed on the farm, and that I 
must stay at home and work till I was twenty-one, 
as my older brothers had done before me. I told 
him that I did not expect him to be at the expense- 
of sending me to school; but that I was able and 
willing to work and pay my own way, and would 
not put him to one dollar's expense. He would not 
listen to my plea, but told me, in the most emphatic 
terms, that there was no alternative for me but to 
remain upon the farm until I was of age. My father 
was a stern, resolute man, and it was not often that 
his children, or other persons about him, went con- 
trary to his known wishes; but I could not endure 
the thought of being forever deprived of the bright 
and glorious fruit to be gathered from the tree of 
knowledge. 

The outlook was a dreary one indeed; but having 
fell heir to a reasonable share of my father's temper 
and resolution, I finally determined to make a des- 
perate effort to break the chains that bound me to 
home and kindred, and wander singly and alone 
through the wide world, in search of fame and 
fortune. But not having a dollar in the world, or 
scarcely a decent suit of clothes to wear, I found 
it no easy matter to make a start. Yet by far the 
hardest stroke of fortune that befell mo then, or in 
any subsequent period of life, was the death of my 
kind and gentle mother. She who had always 
cheered and consoled me in all my troubles, had sud- 



EA BL Y YEA RS AT HOME. 9 

dcnly left us forever; she was truly an angel upon 
earth, and now an angel in Heaven. Her pure and 
spotless life and character have ever had a saving 
influence over the lives and destinies of all her 
children. 

My two older brothers had become of age and left 
home; two sisters had also married and gone; and, al- 
though my favorite sister, next older than myself, 
remained at home and kept house for father, the old 
house no longer seemed like home to me. I continu- 
ally longed to be away from home and at school. 
After having repeated interviews with my father 
upon the subject, all of which availed me nothing, 
my mind was at length wrought up to such a pitch 
that I determined to go at all events, whether he 
gave his consent or no. But being entirely without 
means to travel any distance, and very little ac- 
quainted with the world generally, I went to a 
neighboring farmer and engaged to work for him six 
months during the summer and fall for the usual 
wages. But at the end of my term of service, my 
father made demand for my wages and collected 
all of them, not even leaving me enough to purchase 
a suit of clothes for the winter. 

But with all these sad discouragements, I did not 
give up the long cherished idea of commencing a 
regular course of schooling that w T inter. I went to 
a merchant in the nearest village, and, overcoming 
my embarrassment as well as I could, I freely told 
him of my necessities, my hopes, and desires, and 
finally asked him if he would sell me enough cloth to 
make me a good suit of winter clothing, on six 
months' credit, and also telling him at the same time, 
in what way I expected to raise the money. To this 
proposition he readily assented, and having obtained 
the desired cloth and trimmings, I went to the house 
of a married sister to have the clothes made up. 
Then finding a place near the village where I could 
do chores nights and mornings to pay for my board, 



10 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

1 attended a select school during all the long winter 
months, and made excellent progress with my studies. 

The next spring, having borrowed a few dollars of 
a brother-in-law, and without letting my father know 
my destination, I left my native town of Marathon, 
Cortland County, New York, and traveled on foot 
across the country to Steuben County, about eighty 
miles distant, where my eldest brother w T as engaged 
in the business of lumbering, and rafting down the 
Conisteo, Shemung, and Susquehanna Eivers. Here 
I readily found employment at good wages during 
the rafting season, making three full trips down the 
above named rivers, and was home again, in Mara- 
thon, on the first day of June, with more than money 
enough to settle all my obligations, which I did with 
the greatest of pleasure. After making my friends 
at home a short visit, I again left for parts unknown, 
for the purpose, of working at haying and harvesting, 
and earning money enough to enable me to commence 
at Homer Academy the first of the fall term. This 
time I went to Seneca County, New York, and after 
working hard nearly three months, was home again 
on the first of September, with money enough to set 
me all right .for the fall and winter terms. 

The next spring and summer I again sought the 
river and harvest fields in order to win more money, 
in which I was again successful; and then again re- 
turned to school as before. I kept up this routine 
with very little variation, with the exception of two 
winters, in which I taught school in western New 
York and Pennsylvania, as long as I attended school 
at the academy, or about five years, during which 
time I met with many interesting adventures, both 
upon water and in the field, some of which may be 
well worth relating. 

RAFTING. 

Being of stalwart frame, and lively turn of mind, 
1 soon became quite an expert in river navigation, 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. \\ 

and could handle a steering oar and navigate a raft 
as well as the best of the old river-men ; consequentfy. 
after the first two or three trips, I always received ex- 
tra wages, and usually remained down the river and 
" steered through to tide" each spring as long as the 
water held up high enough, or while there was any- 
thing to do, and usually received from three to seven 
dollars per day, while the business lasted. 

In rafting (out of the upper branches of the Sus- 
quehanna), each raft (and sometimes only part of a 
raft) was run separate, on account of the short turns 
in these small rivers; the pilot always handling the 
forward oar, and the steersman the oar at the stern 
of the raft, each having three or four extra men to 
help push the oar through when dipped; but when 
the main body of the great Susquehanna is reached, 
several rafts are usually coupled together, and one 
pilot and one steersman answer for the whole fleet; 
but when the lower end of the great river is reached, 
the rafts are separated and run singly among the 
rocks, and through the wild, whirling rapids near its 
mouth, and before we reach tide- water. And here, 
too, for the last twenty-five or thirty miles, a new set 
of pilots, steersmen, and extra hands are usually re- 
quired to handle a raft with safety. All hands too 
have to be wide-awake and lively, or the raft may go 
crashing among the rocks on either side, and be torn 
to pieces by strong currents and whirling eddies. As 
tide pilots generally bargain to take the lumber 
through these wild rapids at their own risk, for a 
certain price, they are very careful in the selection of 
a steersman, and the management of a raft generally 
is intrusted more or less to his energy and skill. 

These rafts being built beforehand, and ready for 
a start, usually left the upper branches of the river 
about the same time, or whenever the water was 
high enough to float them down clear of all obstruc- 
tions; and there was often much rivalry among up- 
river pilots as to who should be first at Marietta, a 



12 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

small town on the lower Susquehanna, where the 
rafts were usually turned over to tide pilots. 

A RACE. 

At one time niy brother James, who was an up- 
river pilot, made a bet with Nelson Wetherby (who 
was generally acknowledged to be one of the best 
pilots on the river), of an oyster supper for all hands, 
that he would be first at Marietta that trip. Both left 
Addison, Steuben County, New York, the same day, 
with two rafts each, and Wetherby a little ahead. I 
steered that trip for my brother. "We had good luck 
in getting out of the Conisteo River into the She- 
mung, and got our two rafts coupled together, dis- 
charging the extra pilot, but did not see anything of 
Wetherby till long after Ave had got upon the broad 
bosom of the great Susquehanna, although we had 
run all one night in order to overtake and pass him. 
But on reaching Northumberland, one day just before 
dark, we found him safely moored to the shore, just 
above the great Shamokin dam. We hailed him, but 
passed on, hoping to get safely through the shute 
before dark, and then make another night's run. 
But it had already begun to be quite dark before we 
reached the dam, and not being able to see clearly, 
we ran onto the wing dam of the shute with the 
forward end of the raft, and the hind end immedi- 
ately swung round to the shore, closing up the en- 
trance to the shute, the strong current bending the 
two rafts in the form of a crescent, but the good 
Norway couplings held, or we would have gone pell- 
mell through the shute (wmich was only wide enough 
for two rafts abreast) with the speed of a race horse, 
which must have proved our certain destruction. 
But seeing that the rafts had come to a stand, and 
stood the shock without breaking, we cooked and ate 
our supper, and then went fearlessly to bed in our 
little cabin in the center of our rafts; but if anything 
heavy had struck us during the night, and forced us 



EA RL Y YEA RS AT HOME. 1 3 

double through the shute, none would have been left 
to tell the story of our end. 

The next morning, after cooking and eating break- 
fast, we fastened the hind end of our rafts to some 
posts on shore, with strong cables, and then fixing 
some temporary ones, we cut the couplings near the 
center, so that each half swung round by itself, and 
the forward half slid from the wall and went through 
the shute, with men enough to manage and land it 
below. We soon had the other half through the 
shute and landed at the same place; but while we 
were putting the raft into running order again, Mr. 
Weatherby came past and bid us good-morning; but 
we were soon under way, and followed him close all 
that day and again passed him just before night, 
safely landed just above Green's dam. We passed 
on and made the shute safely, and the next day were 
safely moored at Marietta, having won our bet, and 
beat the boss pilot of the Susquehanna. 

Another time, while steering a pair of rafts for 
another pilot, the river being very high and wild 
and bearing us along with a tremendous velocity, 
after a long and hard day's run, we attempted to 
land for the night at Skinner's eddy. But that land- 
ing, which is usually good and safe, being pretty full 
of rafts already, we were kept out in the strong 
current, and under such headway that we did not 
make a success of it, but were hurried on our course 
in spite of all our efforts to land. 

It was early in the month of March, and we had 
had alternate showers of rain, hail, and sleet, all day, 
which, together with a cold, raw wind from the north, 
made it very uncomfortable indeed. On trying to 
land, we had taken off our coats and put them in the 
cabin to keep them as dry as possible, and as the next 
landing was six miles below, on the opposite side 
of the river, and having a hard pull across to reach 
it, we let them remain there. It soon became so dark 
that we could not see the shore on either side, and 



14 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

before we knew that we were near shore, crash went 
the forward end of our right-hand raft, upon' a slop- 
ing, rocky point which projects into the river a short 
distance above the landing. The shock was so heavy 
as to break the two rafts apart, and cause the one that 
struck to swing around and change ends, which had" 
the effect to crowd the other out into the river so far 
that it passed to the left of a small island that lies 
directly in front of the landing. The pilot remained 
on the cabin raft, which swung round near the shore, 
and easily succeeded in getting into the eddy and 
landing it safely. 1 had charge of the other with only 
one man to assist me, and be entirely without expe- 
rience, this being his first trip down the river, and 
we had no shelter from the drizzling sleet, which still 
continued, and not even our coats to keep us warm; 
surrounded by Egpytian darkness, we could see nor 
hear nothing except the roaring of the mighty river, 
which was swiftly bearing us away upon its bosom, 
we scarcely knew whither. We might be running 
endwise, or lying across the current, and might keep 
the proper course through the main channel, or fetch 
up on some island upon the main shore. We had no 
means of knowing our true position, and any amount 
of work pulling to the right or left would not be 
likely to better our condition; but still we stood at 
our oars and waited for coming events. 

All we knew was that we were going at a tremen- 
dous rate of speed, and that we would soon have to 
pass through a narrow and swift channel known as 
the Horse Eace, between some islands and the main 
shore, and then around the horseshoe bend, and then, 
if we did not strike anything before, we had to run 
to Wilkesbarre Bridge, and at the speed we were go- 
ing might reach jSTonticoke dam before morning. 
This dam was a very high one, and the back water 
below it was so strong that it would roll up and com- 
pletely destroy every raft that had the misfortune to 
run over it, and its shutc was narrow and close to 



EA RL Y YEA RS A T HOME. 1 5 

the left-hand shore. No one ever attempted to run 
it except in broad daylight. Our prospect just at 
that time was anything but pleasant. 

We soon heard the dismal roar of the Horse Race, 
and my man had just come forward to inquire what 
it all meant, when I got a glimpse of the rocks on 
shore at our right and knew then that we were in 
the proper channel and running right end first. I 
sent the man back to his oar, telling him to keep her 
straight, but on reaching the hind end of the raft 
his oar was not there. The hind end of the raft had 
probably swung so near the rocks as to have eaught 
the end of the oar stem, unshipped it, and carried it 
into the river. That was the only way that I could 
account for it at the time. (These oar stems are 
usually forty feet in length and one foot in diameter 
in the largest place, and the blade from twelve to six- 
teen feet in length, and two feet in width.) 

The next dangerous place was the Horseshoe Bend, 
and we were soon there, yet had no means of know- 
ing it. Here raftsmen always had to work hard to 
keep the raft from striking the shore in the sag, or 
outside of the circle. All this I knew very well; but 
not being able to see the shore, the first intimation 
that we had that we were in the bend, was the crash 
of the forward end of our raft upon the rocks on 
shore in the sag, which shivered the blade of our 
only remaining oar and brought us to a sudden halt; 
but before w r e could change the cable from the hind 
end to the front, and fasten to a small hemlock tree 
which grew near the water's edge, the raft, which 
had apparently been on the swing ever since it struck, 
suddenly slipped off the rocks and left us both on 
shore. 

Upon examining our situation more at leisure, we 
found that we were upon a narrow strip of broken 
rocks, with a perpendicular wall of rocks which com- 
posed the base of a high mountain on one side, and 
the mad, roaring river on the other, close at our feet. 



16 EARLY TEARS AT HOME. 

We tried to move up and down the river, but found 
it out of the question to do so in the darkness, as in 
places the river surged against the wall and barred 
our egress. Our only alternative was to find the 
best situation we could and wait for morning. So, 
perched upon the broken fragment of a rock, which 
had sometime fell into the edge of the water from the 
dark, frowning mountain above, with our backs lean- 
ing against the cold and dripping wall, completely 
exhausted and shivering with cold, and in imminent 
danger of falling into the river, 

" There we sat like those who wait 
Till Judgment seals the doom of fate." 

It seemed almost an age, but daylight appeared at 
last, and as soon as we could move our stiffened 
limbs we began to cast about us for some means of 
escape. Below us was a deep cut in the mountain 
where a small creek came down to the river, and we 
thought if we could only reach that we could prob- 
ably scale the mountain at that place. So, working 
our way as best we could, by sometimes hanging to 
the brush that grew out of the seams of the rocks 
above the water, and scaling huge bowlders that lay 
in our way, we succeeded at last in reaching the cut, 
and scaling the mountain to its top, where we found 
a clearing and dwelling house among the small pines, 
and were heartily welcomed by the inhabitants, and 
furnished with a good breakfast. 

After relating our adventures and receiving the 
warm sympathy of our kind host and hostess, and their 
congratulations upon our escape, we were directed 
to a road which led down the mountain to a ferry, 
where we hired a boatman to take us aboard a fleet 
of rafts which were passing at the time, and dili- 
gently scoured the river on every side for our raft, 
which we finally discovered lying in front of the city 
of Wilkesbarre, safely tied to the shore. 

A man who lived upon the bank of the river alone, 
had discovered it just at daylight that morning com- 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 17 

ing down crosswise the river; had boarded it, and 
with the help of others had succeeded in landing it, 
for which service they charged us ten dollars. Our 
pilot with the other raft soon came along-side us; we 
joined him, and were soon under way. 

MY LAST TRIP TO TIDE. 

I had followed the river each spring during the 
five years I attended school at the academy, and the 
last three springs I had remained down the river and 
steered through to tide, as long as the water remained 
high enough, or while there was anything to run. 1 
had become accustomed to steer a raft safely through 
among the rocky rapids and whirling eddies of the 
lower Susquehanna, and never had met with an 
accident or disaster of any kind, although we often 
found the rocks on either side strewn with wrecks 
made by those who were less skillful or less fortunate 
than ourselves. 

At the time of which I write, it was becoming 
late in the season, the water low, and the lumber 
nearly all through, when a noted steersman, who we 
will call Jim Green, came to mo and said he would 
like to try his hand one trip as a pilot. He knew of 
a raft he could get, and if I would agree to steer for 
him, he would take the contract of running it 
through. I readily consented on the conditions that 
he would pay me the highest price for steering, and 
take all the risk himself. 

We started early the next morning, and got along 
well enough until we came to a place known as Tur- 
key Hill. Here my new pilot got headed altogether 
too far to the right for the channel; and I told him 
so; but he thought not, but finally came to the hind 
end of the raft, and quickly discovered his mistake. 
He returned to his post and tried hard to pull into 
the channel, and I gave him all the headway I conld; 
but it was too late. We struck a huge rock at the 
right-hand side at the entrance of the channel with 



18 EARLY YEA RS A T HOME. 

such force as to snap the couplings on one side of the 
raft, causing the raft to double up like a jackknife, and 
in that condition we struck another rock directly be- 
low, which entirely separated the two parts of the 
raft. The forward part, with the pilot and one man, 
swung round entirely out of the channel, went 
crashing among the rocks below, and finally drifted 
onto a ledge and remained fast. But my end of the 
raft, with four men besides myself, kept the channel 
until we reached Fry's Falls, when, not being able to 
get the proper headway, we drifted away to the right 
of Fry's Bocks, a long ledge lying nearly crosswise 
of the river. But getting into the eddy of this ledge, 
and using planks for additional oars, we worked our 
raft back into the channel and finally succeeded in 
landing at the mouth of Wilson Creek, just above 
Conestoga dam, where I ordered dinner for all hands, 
to which we did ample justice, and then hurried away 
up the river in search of our pilot. 

We succeeded in finding his part of the raft, but 
not the pilot. He was not there, he had gone; a 
canoe had taken him ashore, and I never saw him 
more. 

ON THE HOME STRETCH. 

Eaftmen usually returned home on foot, traveling 
up the main river and the West Branch, through the 
great State of Pennsylvania to Williamsport, thence 
across the Alleghany Mountains to Blossburgh, and 
thence down to the Shemung Eiver, and up its vari- 
ous branches to the starting-point. Besides our reg- 
ular wages down the river, we were allowed six days 
to return, and two dollars per day for wages and ex- 
penses. We usually made the distance (about two 
hundred miles) in five days hard travel, stopping at 
the hotels along the route for meals and lodging, 
where we were always well treated. 

But sometimes when we thought we could afford 
it, we came around on rail and steamboat, via Phila- 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 19 

delphia, New York, and Albany, where we could see 
the elephant and have a good time generally. And 
in this way I managed, at little cost, to see much of 
the world, both in city and country, and enjoyed a 
great variety of life and scenery. 

IN THE HARVEST FIELD. 

It was harvest time, and I had as usual laid aside 
my student's garb, consisting of a silk hat, fine clothes, 
and polished boots, and put on my farmer's rig, and 
had been in the harvest field long enough to wear the 
blisters off my hands, and harden my muscles for 
the work before me, when Colonel Post, upon whose 
farm I was engaged cutting wheat, with half a dozen 
other cradlers, came into the field near the close of 
the day, and observing that I handled a cradle very 
easily, offered to bet tw T enty-fiv T e dollars that that 
"Yankee boy, "'as he called me, could cut seventy 
dozen sheaves of wheat in a day. He said that he 
had seen an account in the papers of some one doing 
it in an adjoining county, and thought by the light 
and easy way I had of handling my cradle that I 
could do as much as any other man. At all events, 
he was willing to risk money on it. No one present 
seemed anxious to take the bet, but he told me that 
if I would undertake to win it for him, he thought 
he could get his bet taken up town. 

The next morning the boss told me that the money 
was up, and that he would set apart a portion of the 
field where we were then working, and that I might 
have two binders, instead of one as usual, and that I 
might undertake it the next day. So, putting my 
cradle in first-rate order, I commenced soon after 
sunrise the next morning, and took an easy gait until 
I got warmed up to the work, and then went into the 
grain faster and faster; and before noon I was under 
good headway, and my two binders had all they 
could do to keep up with me. After dinner I com- 
menced again at a pretty lively rate of speed, and 



20 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

made it still livelier from that time till night, being 
sometimes three or four times around the piece ahead 
of my two binders, and would then go back and help 
them bind till they caught up with me. I also helped 
them set up the sheaves in bunches, and just as the 
sun was going down we counted them and found that 
we had one hundred and eleven dozen. 

Just as I was leaving the field, with my binders 
some distance behind, I met the Colonel, who eagerly 
inquired if I had made the seventy dozen. I told 
him we had and something over, I believed; but that 
he had better ask the boys who had just finished 
counting them. And when they told him that I had 
cut one hundred and eleven dozen, he threw up his 
hat and yelled like an Indian. 

Here was glory enough for one day. Colonel Post 
had my performance published in the county paper, 
and the article went the rounds of the press in most 
of the agricultural districts of the State. But my 
hard-earned laurels could not be worn without envy. 

There lived in the town of Lodi, Seneca County, 
near the scene of my exploits, a man by the name of 
Joe Erokaw, who was a stout, well-built man, and 
claimed to be the bully cradler of the county. This 
man was not only a great bully, but a great braggart, 
and delighted in showing his great strength and 
powers of endurance on every suitable occasion; and 
being of a very mean and tyrannical disposition, very 
few men cared to work with him in the harvest field, 
for fear of being run down and "bushed," as it was 
generally termed where a man had to give up and 
quit the field before night, on account of weakness or 
fatigue. He and his immediate followers declared 
that no man could cut the amount of wheat that was 
claimed for me in one day; and said that there was 
either a mistake in the count or else the sheaves 
were purposely made small, and would not yield a 
bushel of wheat to the dozen, as was usually the case. 
Forty dozen, they said, was a good day's work for 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 21 

any man, and they did not believe the man lived who 
could cut the amount credited to me in one day in 
good, honest sheaves. They finally offered to put up 
a purse of one hundred dollars against an equal 
amount, that neither myself or any other man could 
cut one hundred dozen sheaves of wheat in one day 
that would yield a bushel to the dozen. 

Colonel Post, after advising with me, and procuring 
my consent, finally agreed to take the bet. But as 
the wheat harvest was nearly over for that year, the 
time was deferred to the next harvest. 

The next year I was on hand as usual, and was 
shown a field of five acres of wheat not yet ripe, 
which Colonel Post told me he had put in with 
extra care, and was quite sure that it would yield 
over one hundred bushels, and asked me if I could 
cut it in a day. I told him I thought it would be an 
easy task, and that he could put up his money on it 
with perfect safety. 

I went to work in fields where the grain was al- 
ready fit to cut, with other men; and by the time the 
small field was ready, I was in excellent trim for cut- 
ting it. So one fine morning, having all things ready, 
and two good binders as before, I set about my task, 
and before noon was well satisfied that I had the 
field under easy control, and the sun was still an hour 
high when I had my task completed, and the sheaves 
all set up in dozens and counted, there being one 
hundred and fifteen dozen and a few sheaves over. 

I offered to finish the day in another field, but the 
Colonel would not consent to it, as he said he was 
quite sure he had won the bet, and that we had done 
quite enough for one day. When the wheat was 
threshed, it turned out one hundred and seventeen 
and a half bushels. This defeat and the loss of their 
money made Brokaw & Co. madder than ever, and 
they swoi'e that they would have revenge at any 
cost. 

At that time many of the farmers in central New 



22 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

York were in the habit of occasionally sowing large 
fields to flax to be cut for seed. This was done par- 
tially to relieve the ground from constant crops of 
wheat, and then as flaxseed could always.be readily 
sold for cash, it generally proved a profitable crop 
to raise. There was quite a nack in cutting it; but 
when once perfectly understood, a man could cut 
more acres of it in a day than any other crop raised. 

Joe Brokaw and one of his associates by the name 
of Bill House had contracted to cut a large field of 
flax by the acre, for Colonel Smith, and sent me a 
sort of challenge to come and work with them if I 
dare, and at the same time offered to pay me two 
dollars and a half per day. This was more than 
twice the usual wages, and although I knew their 
object was to use me up if the}' could, I at once de- 
termined to accept the proposition, and take the 
chances. When my old friend, Colonel Post, heard of 
it, he tried to dissuade me from going, telling me that 
it was a trap set between the two to use me up, and 
that they would have every advantage of me, as they 
were old, experienced hands in cutting flax, while I 
had never had much experience. But I told the 
Colonel that I had had some experience, having 
helped cut one small piece, and that I thought I could 
hold my own with them at least, and as for th en- 
tangling me up between the two, by not keeping 
stroke, I knew a trick worth two of that. And be- 
sides every other consideration, it was now too late 
to decline their challenge, as I had already accepted 
it. 

This affair caused considerable excitement in the 
village of Lodi and the surrounding country, and 
when the day arrived for the work to begin, quite a 
large crowd visited the farm of Colonel Smith, to 
witness the contest, among whom I noticed many 
prominent citizens, and some ladies. I went down 
to the farm early in the morning, and found Brokaw 
and House already there, and breakfast not being 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 23 

ready, and the field close by, we concluded to cut 
around a portion of the field before breakfast. So we 
took our cradles, which were all ready for service, and 
moved to the. starting-point, near the barn. Brokaw 
offered me the lead at the first start, but I respect- 
fully declined, and told him that as he was the best 
cradler we would confer that honor upon him, and I 
would take the rear. Without any more words he 
started ahead, and Bill House next down the side of 
the field next the road, until they thought they had 
got far enough for a day's work, when they came to 
a halt; and after sharpening our scythes, we started 
down across the field with Bill in the lead, nryself 
next, and Joe took his place in the rear. Joe at once 
commenced to crowd upon me, and push me down 
upon Bill House, so that we worked all the way 
down across the field side and side. This gave me a 
good opportunity to measure strokes with them, and 
I found that I could make from one to two inches 
clean cut each stroke further than either of them, and 
that I had it in my power to cut Bill out of his swath 
at any time I chose. 

On the lower side of the field, it was my turn to 
take the lead along the fence toward the house. 
Just as we were about starting, the horn blew for 
breakfast, but as we were then cutting towards the 
house, I suggested that we had better cut on through, 
as we would then have less distance to walk going 
and coming. To this they assented, and we started 
in, and as there was now no one before me, I took a 
steady stroke and gave my cradle all it could do, un- 
til I reached the corner of the field next the house, 
when I found that Joe and Bill had been left several 
rods behind, and, without waiting for them to come 
up, I got over the fence and went to the house, where 
I was received with every manifestation of delight. 
The gentleman who had charge of the farm told me 
that Brokaw had remarked that morning before I 
arrived, that "they intended to'bush me that day or 



24 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

get a d — n big day's workout of me;" but it was the 
general impression that he was making rather a bad 
beginning. 

1 accepted that remark as a declaration of war, 
but knew that 1 had command of the situation, and 
at once determined to make the most of it. 

On returning to the field after breakfast, I made it 
a point to press the man before me as close as the 
rules of the harvest field would permit, when in the 
middle or behind, and give my cradle every quarter 
of an inch it would cut, when in the lead. " My 
motto was fair play, and let the best man win." But 
Joe Brokaw made several frantic efforts during the 
forenoon to crowd me upon Bill House, and then by 
breaking stroke tangle me u]o between their two 
cradles; but this plan did not work to their satisfac- 
tion, as I had a way of swinging my cradle back and 
forth in such a manner as to avoid a conflict with 
either of them. 

At noon Joe complained bitterly that his cradle did 
not work well, and said that his scj'the was dull, and 
requested Bill House and I to grind it for him after 
dinner, while he stretched himself out on the floor for 
a rest. By the time we got to work after dinner, 
people from the town and surrounding country com- 
menced gathering at the house and along the road- 
side to see the sport, and by the middle of the after- 
noon there was quite a crowd assembled, in buggies, 
on horseback, and on foot. 

I pursued the same course in the afternoon that I 
had so successfully pursued in the forenoon, and was 
soon satisfied that House was a better cradler than 
Brokaw, as by pressing him hard I could drive him 
away from Brokaw at any time, which' would make 
him rave and curse like a pirate. 

Matters went on in this way until about two hours 
before sundown, when, the piece that we went around 
in the morning being finished, Joe proposed to quit 
work, remarking that we had done enough work f 



EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 25 

one day, and that he was willing to pay me for a day's 
work; but I told him that I was not in the habit of 
quitting till sundown, and proposed to take a turn 
around another piece. To this proposition he very 
reluctantly assented, and we went down to the lower 
corner to cut up through towards the road, and now 
was my opportunity to make a display of skill and 
endurance. 

It was Bill's turn to take the lead, and I came next, 
with Joe in the rear. And all the way up the side of 
the piece to the road I drove Bill before me, keeping 
about even with him, and whenever I was gaining 
too much, so as to bother him, I would quietly take 
my cradle on my arm and let him gain a stroke or 
tw T o, and then at it again, while Joe was being left a 
long distance behind. This kind of tactics amused 
the crowd (many of whom had climbed upon the fence 
the better to see the performance) wonderfully, and 
long before we reached the road, we were greeted 
with mingled shouts of applause and derision. As 
soon as we had reached the fence, I went back to' help 
Joe out; but, irritated beyond endurance by the jeers 
and taunts of the crowd of spectators, he smashed 
his cradle upon the ground, and quit the field, swear- 
ing that he would never cut another stroke while he 
lived. In about an hour Dr. Post was called upon to 
see Joe, and found him in a dangerous fit of cholic 
with spasms (caused, the doctor said, by over-exer- 
tion), and stayed with him during the night. He 
finally recovered, but was never known to use a cra- 
dle afterwards. 

After this I was the lion of the whole county. Go 
where I would, I would hear it whispered among 
both men and women, "Thai's the man that bushed Joe 
Brakaw" 

On hearing that there was a fifty-acre field of flax 
about five miles south of Lodi, I visited the place and 
took the contract to cut it at fifty cents per acre. 
When the time came to commence cutting it, I 



26 EARLY YEARS AT HOME. 

went up alone, and the owner told me that he thought 
I was going to have help or he would not have let me 
the contract. I asked him if his flax was suffering 
to be cut, and he answered that only a small part of 
it was fit to cut at present, but that much of it would 
be spoiled before I could cut it alone by myself. 

I proposed to him that I would start in the next 
morning, and any time he thought any of his flax 
was likely to suffer for want of being cut, to Jet me 
know, and I would get help. To this he agreed, and 
in the afternoon of the next day he came into the 
field where I was working and seemed greatly sur- 
prised at the amount I had already done, and after 
taking a good look over the whole field, he walked 
up to me and asked, ^ Ain't you the man that bushed 
Joe Brokaw, down at Lodi ?" I replied that such was 
the case. " I thought so," said he, " as soon as I saw 
your work; I have no fear now that you won't get it 
cut soon enough." 

After finishing that job, I took a contract of an- 
other man to cut a field containing seven and a half 
acres, and finished it in one day, though I was ex- 
pected to be two or three days at it. 



MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 



T is now nearly forty years since I was a student 
at the old Homer Academy, Cortland County, 
]N"ew York. The number of students at this 
school usually ranged from two hundred to three 
hundred, composed to a great extent of the sons and 
daughters of the inhabitants of the surrounding 
country; but as the school, under the able management 
of Professor Wool worth, was deservedly popular, many 
students came from a longer distance, and some even 
from the adjoining States. 

At the time of which I write, besides Professor 
Woolworth, who heard recitations in some of the 
higher branches, there were three male and two 
female teachers employed; and there being no regular 
boarding-house belonging to the school, the students 
usually procured board and lodgings about the town, 
where accommodations could be had. Some only 
hired rooms, furnished w4th beds, stoves, and cooking 
utensils, sufficient for the accommodation of from two 
to four students, who desired to club together and 
do their own cooking, etc., as a matter of economy. 
The writer, being one of the latter class, usually had 
from one to three " chums " associated w T ith him in 
the culinary department. 

All lessons were studied at these rooms, and we 
only went to the academy building to attend lectures 
and prayers in the morning, and at set hours during 
the day to recite to the teachers at the several rooms 
which they occupied for the purpose of hearing the 
recitations of each class in its turn. 

There were also three literary societies, or debat- 
ing clubs, belonging to the institution, which were 



28 MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 

known respectively as the "Elihu Burritt Society," 
''Franklin Club," and "Council Fire." At the time 
of which I write, these three literary associations 
each elected three delegates for the purpose of form- 
ing a Board of Publishers, whose business it was to 
establish and print a small monthly paper, to be made 
up from original contributions by the students, and 
to be known as the Students' Casket. 

Being one of the prime movers in this enterprise, I 
was elected one of the delegates, and finally presi- 
dent of the Board of Publishers. At the first session 
of the Board a rale was adopted, that each contribu- 
tion for the columns of the paper should be read be- 
fore the Board by its secretary, and submitted to a 
vole whether it should be received or rejected. The 
mechanical part of the work was to be done at the 
office of the old Cortland County Whig, then 
published in the village of Homer. The new paper 
altogether made a very creditable appearance, and 
very readily sold in town and among the students, 
for three cents per copy, which more than paid the 
cost of publishing. And as the students sent copies 
to their friends all over the county, by the time 
the second number was ready to issue, we had 
quite a long list of regular subscribers, and the little 
paper had every appearance of being a splendid suc- 
cess, and an honor to its founders, managers, and 
contributors. 

Had the managers confined themselves to their 
legitimate business of publishing the paper as origi- 
nally intended, everything would no doubt have gone 
on smoothly enough; but such was not the case. 
They had no sooner become popular with the school 
than they began to interfere with its rules and disci- 
pline. 

In the first place the principal of the school, who 
was familiarly known among the students as " Old 
Pray" (or, in plain English, the old man that prays), 
had given orders that every student should be out at 



MY LAST TEEM AT SCHOOL. 29 

prayers, at the ringing of the bell at nine o'clock each 
morning. Many of the students took exceptions to 
this rule on the ground that it interfered with their 
studies, and then they could not see the necessity of 
leaving their warm rooms each cold winter morning, 
and going to the large, cold lecture room to hear 
"Old Pray" go through the same dry, monotonous 
jargon of words each successive morning. 

Some had been severely reprimanded for not mak- 
ing their appearance as ordered, and the matter be- 
gan to be very warmly discussed at the weekly meet- 
ings of the several literary societies, and finally 
reached the Board of Publishers, and cropped out in 
some of the contributions which were accepted for 
publication. And so matters went on, until one very 
cold morning it was generally observed that the bell 
did not ring as usual for prayers. The bell-ringer 
pulled on the rope and the bell went round as usual, 
but gave no sound. It was soon whispered around 
that some adventurous students carried two or three 
buckets of water up into the belfry the evening be- 
fore and turned it into the bell. It had frozen solid 
during the night, and held the tongue of the bell to 
its place. The rule was somewhat relaxed after that 
affair, and quiet would soon have reigned once more, 
but suddenly an order came for the Elihu Burritt 
Society (which was the oldest and ablest literary 
club of the school) to vacate the room on the first 
floor, which it had occupied for years, and occupy one 
not nearly so large or convenient, on the second floor. 
This they absolutely refused to do, and, upon finding 
the door of their old room locked against them, has- 
tily adjourned to meet in a hall which they had pro- 
cured at one of the principal hotels. Here they made 
speeches, and passed resolutions which were anything 
but complimentary to the management of the school. 
The other societies made common cause with them, 
and the Board of Publishers being composed of 
delegates from each society, and its president a mem- 



30 MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 

ber of two of them, followed suit, as a matter of 
course, and carried a very large majority of the school 
with them. Indeed, it would not be exaggeration to 
say that these nine young men who composed the 
Board of Publishers, had at that time more power 
over the minds of the two hundred and fifty students 
who then composed the school than all the teachers, 
principal included — and I don't know but we might 
throw in the president and Board of Trustees, with 
perfect safety. We may have been wrong, but we 
believed we were right, and acted accordingly, which 
I hold is the only true and safe course to pursue in all 
cases of that kind. 

"We went regularly to our recitations as usual, and 
were perfectly orderly and respectful towards our 
teachers, as far as our various studies were concerned, 
but in other matters were at variance; and thus mat- 
ters continued to the close of the term. 

As the term drew near its close, arrangements were 
being made as usual for a grand public examination 
and exhibition. Each of the three literary societies 
promptly passed resolutions respectfully declining to 
have anything to do "with the matter, and forwarded 
copies of the same, to the principal teachers. 

The faculty, however, after holding a consultation 
over the matter, concluded to go on in the regular 
routine, with such material as they could control, and 
do the best that lay in their power. There were some 
students of two or three years' standing who had 
never belonged to any of the clubs, and there were 
also many dissenters from the recent rulings of the 
clubs who, from prudential motives, decided to obey 
the wishes of their teachers, and were willing to do 
what they could to make the exhibition creditable; 
and so the preparations for the affair went on as 
usual. 

Seeing that we were likely to be beat at last, we 
determined to have our share of the fun out of it at 
all events, and the evening before the close of the 



MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 31 

term, half a dozen of the leading spirits met at my 
room in complete disguise; and, after partaking of an 
oyster supper which my chum and I had prepared 
for them, and charging my chum to keep the hall 
door unbolted, so that I could get in at any time dur- 
ing the night, we left for the suburbs of the town in 
search of an adventure. 

Coming to a small field where there were three or 
four old Merino rams with big. winding horns, se- 
curely fettered for safe keeping, we seized upon the 
largest and most formidable looking one of the flock, 
and, releasing him from his fetters, led him captive 
into the heart of the town and public square, where 
the academy buildings and principal churches were 
situated. As it was the rule for ail doors to be closed 
and securely bolted at precise^ ten o'clock at. night, 
and it now being as late as eleven or twelve o'clock, 
there was no one stirring. 

As all the outside doors of the school buildings 
were found to be securely locked or bolted, some of 
us firmly held the prisoner, while others went for a 
long ladder not far away, where a house was in proc- 
ess of rebuilding, and with this one of us succeeded 
in entering the building through one of the second 
story windows, and soon had the front door open to 
admit the captive, whom we led in through the hall 
and up the stairs to the lecture room, where the ex- 
hibition was to take place. Here we turned him 
loose, and after bolting all the doors as we found 
them, and fastening down the windows except the 
one we went out at, " we left him alone in his glory," 
and, after taking the ladder back where it belonged, 
returned to our several lodgings. 

Eut what was my surprise and chagrin when I 
found the doors of my own apartments securely 
barred against my admittance. I scarcely knew how 
to account for my chum's neglect; could it be possible 
that he had thrown off on me and thus betrayed me 
into the hands of my enemies? I could not believe 



32 MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 

it for a moment, but nevertheless it was a stern fact 
that if I did not succeed in getting into the house, I 
would surely be reported the next morning as absent 
during the night, and all the mischief done would be 
laid directly to my charge. The prospect was any- 
thing but pleasant, but what could I do? I dare not 
make a noise and arouse the house; for that would 
expose my guilt, and lead to my disgrace and that of 
my comrades at once. 

I sat down upon the door-step and surrendered my 
mind to the deepest and most intense train of thought, 
but could see no way of getting out of the difficulty 
except by getting into the house. Is it possible, I 
thought, that every door and window is securely fas- 
tened ? There was a small window under the eaves at 
the head of the stairs which opened horizontally, that 
might not be fastened — all the others I knew fastened 
with springs whenever they were closed. I must try 
that window, I thought; but how can I reach it? I 
thought of the ladder we had used at the. academy. 

Taking off my hat, coat, and boots, I laid them 
carefully upon the door-step, and, with as little noise 
as possible, went for the ladder, which, with some 
difficulty on account of its great length, I brought 
and reared against the eaves of the roof, and was soon 
up at the window, the sill of which I could just 
manage to reach by poising myself between the 
rounds of the ladder, when to my great joy I found 
that the sash moved at my touch, and I was soon in- 
side the house. I then went carefully down-stairs to 
the hall door, which I unbolted and opened with the 
least noise possible, and, after carrying back the lad- 
der to the place where it belonged, I took my coat, 
hat, and boots, bolted the door as I had found it, and 
went quietly up-stairs to my room. 

I was so elated with my escape and the adventures 
of the night generally that I could not sleep a wink 
that night. It was yet quite early in the morning 
when our landlady made her appearance at the head 



MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL, 33 

of the stairs, and called to my chum, who was still in 
oed, remarking that she guessed she had Schofield 
this time. But before he had time to answer, I 
growled from my room, " / guess you hain't,'" at which 
she slumped down the stairs without another word. 

My chum then told me that the old lady had sat up 
most of the night watching that door, and that he 
had slipped down three times during the night and 
unbolted it; but each time she had been on the watch 
and bolted it after him, and, while waiting for her to 
go to bed, he had himself fallen asleep, and thus it 
was that I found the door bolted. 

Professor Gr., who had the immediate supervision of 
the preparations for the exhibition, was a vain, dressy 
little man, with any amount of self-conceit and aris- 
tocratic notions about him, and as the last private 
rehearsal before him was to take place at half past 
eight o'clock, I got my breakfast and repaired to the 
academy to watch developments. Professor G-. was 
already there with about a dozen students, trying to 
get into the hall; and, on finding the doors securely 
bolted and the windows fastened down, he sent for a 
stick of wood, with which he hammered away at one 
of the doors till the bolts gave way and the door flew 
open. In the meantime the old ram had watched 
the progress of events, and was ready for a charge 
for liberty, as soon as he should see an opening. The 
professor saw the old patriarch, with head erect and 
eyes of fire, dropped his club, and commenced a pre- 
cipitate retreat, but was too late. He had no sooner 
turned to run than the enemy made a terrific charge 
on his flank and rear, and hurled him prostrate to 
the floor, and at the same time catching the end of 
one of his horns in one of the pockets of his swallow- 
tailed coat, he ripped it from the tail to the collar. 
Then leaving him more scared than hurt, he rushed 
through the hall to the head of the stairs (the stu- 
dents clearing the way for him by rushing into the 
recitation rooms on each side of the hall), then down 



34 MY LAST TERM AT SCHOOL. 

the stairs he rushed with the velocity of a cyclone 
into the lower hall and then out the front door into 
the public square. Old Pray was just coming up the 
front steps as the ram dashed down, but he stepped 
aside just in time to avoid a collision, but was badly 
scared, and whooped like a wild Comanche. As 
most of the school was present by this time and the 
bell was ringing for prayers, we all went in to see 
what the old man had to say. He gave us a pretty 
severe lecture, expressing his sincere regrets at what 
had taken place, and closed by dismissing the exhibi- 
tion and the school for the term. 

I afterwards learned that- a reward of twenty-five 
dollars was offered by the trustees, to be paid to any 
one who would make known any of the perpetrators 
of the deed; but every one was true'/' to his trust." 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIO- 
NEER. 



INTRODUCTION. 

TTT HE author left his father's home 
^[^ With half a dozen more, 

And with the pioneers did come 
To the Pacific shore. 

They left the country of the lakes 

In the Great Empire State; 
Their friends had furnished them the stakes 

"With which to try their fate. 

In eighteen hundred forty-nine 

They came across the plains, 
O'er mountains, hills, and valleys tine, 

Through sunshine, snow, and rain. 

NARRATIVE. 

To Pittsburg first we took our way, 
Then through the mighty West; 

At St. Louis awhile did stay 
Our money to invest. 

We here procured a good supply 

Of things for camping out. 
At Boonville we our teams did buy, 

Then started on our route. 

We met the Sioux upon the Platte, 

Five hundred lodges strong; 
They did not try to drive us back, 

But kindly cheered us on. 

The chief with warriors at command, 

And women not a few, 
With all the emigrants shook hands 

And shouted, " How-de-do ?" 



36 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

The war- chief sitting on his steed, 
A charger strong and true, 
. Did not to us a sermon read, 
But spoke as Statesmen do: 

"Quite welcome are our pale-faced friends 
From the bright rising sun; 
Quite welcome to our hunting grounds 
Are each and every one. 

" When the great bison we pursue, 
We have enough to eat, 
And now are glad to share with you 
Their most delicious meat. 

"Turn out your teams, we will them feed, 
And guard your wagons, too; 
We are prepared for every need, 
In friendship we are true. 

"We sometimes fight Pawnees and Crows, 
For they our lands invade 
And drive away the buffaloes, 
Which for the Sioux were made, 

"But never shed a drop of blood 
' Of our great friends, the whites, 
For they to us are always good 
And give us all our rights. 

"G-o now, your happiness pursue. 

Our daughters, they are fair, 

And to our lodges welcome you. 

They have not much to wear, 

'•'But they are kind, and you are brave. 
Our sons are brave and true, 
They will share anything they have. 
Good-night, my friends. Adieu." 

I watched some lovely girls at play 

Close by upon the green; 
The war chief came along that way 

And marked the lovely scene. 

" Bathilda," the great chieftain cried, 
"Come here, my child divine." 
He led his daughter to my side 
And placed her hand in mine. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 37 

He bade me welcome to his home, 

He would his daughter give, 
And I should a great chief become 

And always with them live. 

The girl was tall and full of grace, 

Her dark eyes pierced me through, 
And for awhile I must confess 

I knew not what to do. 

Her dress, close-fitting, clean, and neat, 
Her skirts with beads were hemmed; 

The small white slippers on her feet 
With beads were neatly trimmed. 



Too soou I left my girl behind, 

Ahead were fields of gold; 
Next morning at our starting time 

Our wagons westward rolled. 

We crossed the branches of the Platte, 

The Rocky Mountain range, 
And traveled down the western slope, 

A country wild and strange. 

At length we reached -the great Salt Lake 
'Mid mountains capped with snow, 

And as I had some time been sick 
I could no further go. 

The Mormons, led by Brigham Young, 

Had come the year before, 
And found at last a quiet home 

By the great Salt Lake shore. 

A city they had founded, too, 

And temple large and strong, 
Greater than that at old Nauvoo, 

By far more broad and long. 

They could run water where they pleased, 
All through the new-made streets, 

Where they had planted young shade trees. 
The town looked fresh and neat. 

We camped upon the grassy plain 

A short half mile from town. 
The Mormons, hoping they might glean 

News from the East, came down. 



38 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER 

We answered all their questions true, 

And asked as many more; 
Some from the gold fields had come through 

With samples of the ore, 

Which Brigham Young had folded up 

In papers strong and neat, 
On which -his priestly seal he put. 

With coin they did compete. 

But very little goods they said 

Were in the new city; 
The men there no tobacco had; 

The women wanted tea. 

That they had plenty beef and ham, 
Milk, butter, bread and cheese, 

And if we would take tea with them 
They would be greatly pleased. 

Now we had with us plenty tea, 

Which none of us did crave, 
As we preferred to drink coffee, 

So tea we freely gave. 

I sought the house of Elder Pratt, 

His seven wives were there; 
All one man's wives, so they did state, 

All healthy, fat, and fair. 

I asked them how it came about, 

And to explain the plan 
By which so many women stout 

Could put up with one man, 

And told them where I used to live, 

'Way back in the far East, 
The man who more than one did have 

Was treated as a beast. 

They said that many women East 

From virtues' ways did fall, 
Better one-seventh part at least 

Than have no man at all. 

And Elder Pratt was very fair, 

All did his praises speak, 
For each wife had his special care 

One day in every week. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 39 

I on that point no more did say- 
While 1 with them did sup, 

They thought they had the better way, 
And so I gave it up. 



My comrades soon were on their way 

And left me quite alone, 
For I had fevers every day 

And could not well go on. 

A doctor came down to my camp, 

He did no physic bring, 
But told me I must take a tramp 

Up to their famous spring, 

And if I there would take a bath, 

After the second day 
I would no chills and fever have, 

And could go on my way. 

He said he learned the healing art, 

And used to purge and bleed; 
But now to heal the sick was part 

Of his religious creed. 

I thanked him for his kind advice, 

And told him I would try 
The magic waters once or twice, 

And on his skill rely. 

I went next morning to the place 

And found the watprs warm, 
And though I own I had no faith, 

A bath could do no harm. 

And just the time I felt the worst 

I plunged into the pool, 
Which seemed to me quite hot at first 

But afterwards more cool. 

My bones stopped aching, cold chills ceased, 

No fever came that day; 
I spent two hours in perfect peace, 

Then dressed and walked away. 

I no more chills and fever had, 

Though I was very weak, 
And for some days I kept my bed, 

Yet I could sleep and eat. 



40 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

A farmer came along one day 

Who lived twelve miles up north. 

He said he was from Ithica, 
Close by my place of birth, 

And said the feed out at his place 

Was better for my mules, 
Besides I would not there transgress 

The stringent city rules. 

He had a wife and daughter fair, 

And two fine strapping boys. 
The women could my food prepare 

And much enhance my joys. 

Besides, as he was going east 

As far as the Black Hills, 
I could their happiness increase 

By guarding them from ills. 

I found his house upon the plain, 

Not far from the lake shore, 
And there I did my strength regain, 

And was myself once more. 

I found the Mormons kind indeed, 

They gave me every aid, 
And loaned me Mormon books to read 

Through all the time I stayed. 

I read the ' ' Book of Mormon" through, 
The "Acts of Brigham Young," 

How Joseph died at old Nauvoo, 
His people shot and hung. 

But riding out with Mary Jane 

Was what amused me more; 
We often skimmed along the plain 

Or galloped on the shore. 

She said she rode a thousand miles 

In coming to Salt Lake, 
And had no fear of horses wild. 

She did wild horses break. 

She did not like the Mormon creed, 

But said if during life 
A husband did her wishes heed 

He would have but one wife. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 41 

But when her father back had come, 

I went with him one day 
To make a call on Brigham Young 

And hear what he might say. 

For he and I had laid our plans; 

In fact we were about 
To search the streams^for golden sands 

Along the southern route. 

But Brigham sternly did forbid 
The aid and comfort sought. 
" If there is gold 'tis better hid 
Than to the surface brought. 

"Go home and cultivate your farm," 

The stern dictator said. 
" Go shield your family from harm 

And furnish them with bread. 

"For if these settlements we leave 
And go in search of gold, 
Our wives will soon with hunger grieve, 
Our children suffer cold." 



So we could not our plans arrange, 

And I resolved to go 
And cross the great Nevada Range 

Before the winter's snow. 

As it was getting rather late, 

Most emigrants had gone, 
I packed my mule, made matters straight, 

And started off alone. 

But as I mounted for a start 

And bade my friends farewell, 
Some words were said that touched my heart. 

These words I must not tell. 

And when I camped on Webber's bank 

That night, though quite alone, 
I found some things among my pack 

That made me think of home. 

I had eight hundred miles to go, 

The Indians were bad, 
As many pioneers well know, 

Who lost near all .they had. 
4 



42 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

The moon was very near its full; 

The weather being clear, 
The nights were very bright and cool 

That season of the year. 

I rode by night and camped by day. 

Beacon fires gleamed far back, 
The cougar screamed along my way, 

The wolf howled on my track. 

Once as I rode till near daylight _ 
And reached the Humboldt fair, 

Ahead I saw a camp-fire bright, 
And found two wagons there. 

Two women only did I see 

There, sitting on the ground 
Looking about quite anxiously 

And catching every sound. 

I turned down to their lonely camp 

To see what I might see; 
They quickly heard my horse's tramp, 

And gladly welcomed me. 

They said, an hour before day 

With fiendish yell and hoot, 
The Indians drove their mules away, 

Their men pursued on foot. 

Right glad they were that I had come, 

And hoped that I Would stay 
Until their absent men came home, 

For all had gone away. 

The men returned at close of day, 
But they no mules had found, 

Save two which, pierced with arrows, lay 
Quite dead upon the ground. 

Night came, I bade them all adieu. 

To go seemed almost wrong, 
Yet there was little I could do 

To aid or help them on. 

I hastened on, 'twas getting late, 

I never saw them more, 
Nor learned what might have been their fate. 

Their chances though were poor. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 43 

On Humboldt River, quite far down, 

I found a small pack train. 
They said they were from Portland town, 

Up in the State of Maine. 

I told these gentlemen my plan, 

And if we could agree 
That I would join their little clan 

And keep them company. 

We reached the Humboldt sink all right 

And stopped awhile to feed, 
Then crossed the desert in the night. 

We hastened through with speed. 

Before we reached the Carson's tide 

We saw a mournful sight, 
Dead teams lay strewn on every side, 

And wagons left and right. 

Provisions were abundant there, 

As flour and bacon too 
Were left with wagons everywhere . 

Their owners had gone through. 

The Carson River has its charms — 

Its valley long and wide 
Lies nestled in Nevada's arms, 

As lovely as a bride. 

Now we wind up the mountain's side, 

Through canons rough and steep, 
Often so steep we cannot ride 

Or even keep our feet. 

At last we reach the summit wide 

And find deep banks of snow, 
Until we cross the great Divide, 

Where we can look below. 

Like Moses on Mt. Pisgah's height, 

I viewed the promised land, 
And what a boundless, peerless sight 

Was there at my command. 

Way down almost beneath my feet 

A crystal lake was seen, 
And then, to make the scene complete, 

A forest vast and green. 



44 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

And farther down more gentle hills 

The western slope did bound, 
Though deeply cut by mountain rills, 

Beyond was open ground. 

A mighty river from the north 
Flowed through a valley wide, 

Another met it from the south. 
Both met the ocean tide. 

The Coast Range rising farther west, 

A hundred miles away, 
Hid from my view the ocean's breast 

And San Francisco Bay. 

While thus each lovely scene I traced, 

My comrades all had gone 
Far down to find a camping place, 

And I must hasten on. 

We soon were camped at Weaverville 

Among the Central mines, 
And fondly hoped, though void of skill, 

Our fortunes we might find. 

We took a day or two to look 

And learn what others did, 
But found no knowledge, art, or book 

Could show where gold was hid. 

One man would venture on a claim 

And might a fortune find; 
Others would venture just the same 

And come out far behind. 

Some worked at least a dozen claims, 

With energy and skill. 
Their luck was every time the same, 

They could not pay their bills. 

We started in to find a mine, 
And worked a month or more; 

But at the end of that long time 
Had little gold in store. 

The clear, cool days of autumn passed, 

The winter storm's had come, 
And I was taken sick at last 

With scarce a house or home. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 45 

But when I better had become, 

I had resolved to try 
And find at least a better home, 

A shelter from the sky. 

I started out to find my horse, 

Left on a ranch below, 
And thought I could not do much worse 

Wherever I might go. 

But I had failed to find my horse, 

My money was all gone ; 
I had, to make the matter wor.se, 

Nothing to live upon. 

Bacon and flour all around, 

But quite out of my reach. 
They were a dollar each per pound, 

And meals two dollars each. 

I found a hotel underway , 

Where I had camped before, 
And told the landlord I would stay 

With him a week or more. 

Said he, " There near the fire-place 

You spread your blanket down. 
The man that occupied that place 

Is on his way to town. 

" And as for grub, kind sir," says he, 
"That for itself will speak, 
And then our charges, sir, will be 
An ounce and half per week." 

I did his kindly terms accept, 

For what else could I do ? 
And now the next thing was to get 

The cash to pay when due. 

A stranger came in late that night 

And said he was that day 
In a fine valley, feed was high, 

And stock was fat and gay. 

He thought no person claimed the ground, 

Or scarcely there had been. 
High hills inclosed it all around, 

A river flowed between. 



46 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

I asked the distance and the route. 

He carefully replied, 
And took a coal and marked it out 

Upon the chimney side. 

My mind was made, I had resolved 

A rancher I would be. 
The deep, dark puzzle I had solved 

And now my mind was free. 

I asked for paper, pen, and ink, 
Which soon were brought about, 

And, after taking time to think, 
I carefully wrote out:— 

"Notice, to all who come this way 
With stock to ranch or sell, 
I will receive them every day 
Right here at this hotel." 

I carefully the notice scanned 

And read it o'er and o'er. 
The landlord took it from my hand 

And nailed it on the door. 

Some men who stopped at the hotel, 
And those who passed that way, 

Each saw my notice, read it well, 
And all agreed that they 

Would leave their cattle in my hands 

And home return that day. 
But scarcely spoke about my lands, 

Or what they had to pay. 

One man had lost three yoke of steers. 

All day he hunted round, 
But yet no hides, or horns, or ears 

Of them he yet had found. 

If I would find the cattle lost, 
And take them home with me, 

He said that he would pay the cost, 
And fifty dollars free. 

A man from Placerville came there 

With cattle not a few, 
Who thought my prospects would compare 

With any man he knew. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 47 

Thus cattle rapidly did come, 

And mules and horses, too. 
I had a prospect of a home 

And plenty work to do. 

I started with them that same day 

But did not get clear through, 
For when I got about half way 

Those lost steers came in view. 

The feed was good. I turned around 

And went back for the night, 
And told my friend what I had found. 

He paid the cash on sight. 

Next day I started out again, 

Prepared to stay all night; 
I did that day the valley gain, 

And found my ranch all right. 

That night I slept beside a trail. 

A grizzly bear came by, 
And made a most terrific wail; 

I wished that 1 could fly. 

It was too late to climb a tree, 

I covered up my head. 
He snuffed and growled awhile at me, 

And gave me up for dead. 

He was as large as any ox, 

Would weigh twelve hundred pounds, 

And just as cunning as a fox. 
He nightly went his rounds. 

A chieftain came to me next day, 

He was the capitan. 
In broken Spanish he did say: 

Of a once mighty clan, 

His mighty hunters all were dead, 

His people very poor. 
His women though could work, he said, 

And wash the shining ore. 

If I would bring them flour and meat, 

They all would come and buy; 
Then they would have enough to eat; 

If not, they all must die. 



48 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

Your cattle we will guard with care, 

And you shall be our friend, 
And live in safety with us here. 

On this you may depend. 

We cannot go away to trade, 

We dare not venture out; 
Of white men we are much afraid, 

For many have been shot. 

I went to try what I could do 

Up at the little town; 
I got some flour, and bacon too; 

.Next day I packed it down. 

My trade was lively, pay was good. 

That nothing should be lost, 
I charged my customers for goods 

Just twice what they had cost. , 

They brought the gold-dust they had found. 

I weighed it out with care, 
And gave them just as many pounds 

As they had dollars there. 

I paid a man, to build a house, 

One-half an ounce per day; 
But timber being good and close, 

We met with no delay. 

My herd was growing very large, 
And, to keep matters straight, 

I six per month for cattle charged; 
For horses I charged eight. 

There was stray stock upon the ground 

When I located there, 
And hundreds more soon came around, 

Which much increased my care. 

From men who found their stock with me, 

And came that stock to claim, 
I always charged a month's ranch fee, 

X o matter when they came. 

As many came to hunt stray stock, 

And often found it there, 
Some were inclined to make a talk, 

Though everything was fair. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 49 

For cattle which can go at will. 

From mountains cla I with snow, 
At first will seek the river hills, 

Then work their way below, 

Until they find abundant feed 

In valleys warm and low; 
When they are satisfied, indeed, 

They will no farther go. 



Two hunters came to me one day, 

To hunt my grizzly bear. 
Among the hills, not far away, 

I pointed out his lair. 

They followed up a large ravine, 

And, nearly at its head, 
They saw where the great bear had been, 

And tracked him to his bed. 

The brush was very thick and tall, 

They could not stand erect; 
So on their hands and knees they crawled, 

His lodgings to inspect. 

They held their guns with steady care, 

And kept their eyes ahead; 
At the first sight of the great bear, 

They meant to shoot him dead. 

The bear, in going to his bed, 
Had doubled and turned back, 

And lay there sleeping, with his head 
Close to his former track. 

And they, unwittingly, had crawled 

Close to his bearship's nose. 
He gave a most unearthly scruall, 

And on his haunches rose. 

The hunters said they saw the bear, 

And heard his fearful yell; 
Quick from his presence they did tear, 

But how, they could not tell. 

They lost their hats and tore their clothes; 

Their guns they left behind; 
Their faces redder than a rose; 

Their eyes with sweat were blind. 



50 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

A few days after that affair, 

A dozen men came down. 
They came to hunt that same old bear; 

Each had a knife and gun. 

One boasted of his gun, and said, 

"Now just give me a sight, 
And I will kill that bear so dead 
That there will be no fight." 

Their leader was a mountaineer 

Of much experience, 
And grimly smiled this boast to hear — 

He was a man of sense. 

They went up to the huntiog-ground, 

And found the bear at home; 
The leader placed his men around 

At points the bear might come, 

But told the man with the fine gun, 
" As we are brave and stout, 
We two will in the thicket plunge, 
And route the monster out. " 

They started on two sides at once, 

And moved along with care, 
And though they did not far advance, 

They roused him from bis lair. 

The bear upon his hind feat rose, 

To see which way to run, 
And chanced to be alarming close 

To him with the fine gun. 

He raised his gun, it was not cocked, 

He could not hold it still, 
Besi les, he had not set the lock, 

It would not go at will. 

He dropped his gun, and gave a yell, 

A shriek of wild despair, 
And leaped the brush; you could not tell 

Scarce where his foot-prints were. 

The bear had counted up his foes, 

And planned a quick retreat; 
So down the rugged hill he goes, 

And swam the river deep. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 51 

Each hunter claimed he pierced his hide 

With many shots before 
The bear had reached the other side. 

I never saw him more. 



A hunter came to live with me. 

The deer were thick and tame; 
Almost without an effort, he 

Kept me supplied with game. 

I charged an ounce per week for board, 
And paid an ounce each deer. 

To pay that price I could afford, 
As shortly will appear. 

The Indians and miners round 

Bought venison and beef, 
And paid me fifty cents a pound — 

This was a ij;reat relief. 

Sometimes my hunter killed a bear, 
Which he would pack around 

And sell to miners everywhere, 
One dollar for each pound. 

Bear meat sold high, for it was rare. 

I did not like bear meat; 
But nothing scarcely will compare 

With stew made of bears' feet. 

Sometimes he killed a bear alone; 

Sometimes I went along. 
Sometimes he wanted only one, 

Sometimes a dozen strong. 

One day he saw a mother bear 

Upon a hill-side nigh, 
And well he knew a nest was there; 

He heard a young one cry. 

We all turned out to see the fun, 
And bring the young bear home. 

At the first shots the old bear run; 
We must have hurt her some. 

I took the young one up with care, 
And with him joined the chase, 

Not fearing that the mother bear 
Would her footsteps retrace. 



52 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER 

The young bear cried, but we rushed on 

Upon the old one's track. 
The fear of certain death alone 

Kept her from coming back. 

To raise our little pet we tried, 

But he was very young. 
For want of better care he died. 

This hurt my conscience some. 

We later found another nest 

Hid in a lime stone cave; 
And this stronghold we did invest, 

And did two young bears save. 



My family was growing large, 

Stockmen, and miners too; 
And the whole native tribe in charge, 

Their daily rations drew. 

The winter storms held up at last, 

And gentle spring came on, 
And everywhere was plenty grass 

For stock to feed upon. 

I moved my herd out on the plains, 

Where everything was fresh 
From being washed by winter rains. 

My cattle gained in flesh. 

I found a lovely valley there, 

The natives called Bautuck; 
No place could be more rich and fair. 

I thought myself in back. 

Rich fields of clover there I found, 

And kept the stock away. 
I had resolved to claim the ground, 

And cut the grass for hay. 

I went to San Francisco Bay, 
And bought a house all framed, 

Which had been shipped out all the way, 
Clear from the State of Maine. 

And this, in a short time, I did 

Erect upon a mound, 
From which a splendid view I had 

Of all the country round. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 53 

But now my troubles did increase; 

The Mormons claimed the spot, 
And would not give me any peace, 

But thought to drive me out. 

They said that they had claimed the ground, 

And herded horses there; 
And though they had not since been round, 

It still was in their care. 

I told them I had built a house, 

And held possession there; 
And if they meant to drive me out, 

To sail in if they dare. 

Who were these Mormons I defied ? 

Their camps here then were strong, 
And they were all well armed besides, 

And backed by Brigham Young. 

Some had been soldiers in the war; ' 

The roughest of their clan, 
Their leader, the great murderer, 

Chief of the tribe of Dan. 

I rode with Rockwell all one day, 

But did not know him then, 
Nor did the Danite chief know me 

Until we met again. 

He told me what a fearful strife 

The Mormon people had, 
And how they had to fight for life, 

Against all who were bad. 

That he had seen a hundred fights, 

And nearly always won. 
The Mormons had maintained their rights, 
' Their enemies had none. 

For (rod, through Smith, had shown his will, 

And to his saints had given 
The earth, with power to take and kill, 

And make a Mormon heaven. 

And all who wish to save their lives, 

And live in peace at home, 
Must take their property and wives, 

And to the Mormons come. 



54 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

He was a dark, stern- visaged man, 

Well armed, as I could see, 
A holster pistol at each hand, 

A large knife at each knee. 

He looked as one born to command; 

And when he thought it right, 
He was prepared to take a stand 

And make a bloody fight. 



To drive me out, they never .tried; 

I had too firm a hold, 
And quite too many friends, besides, 

True friends, as good as gold. 

But I soon found out, at my cost, 
That there was something wrong, 

That cattle were quite often lost, 
And horses good and strong. 

While stopping at Salt Lake I learned 
That Mormons sometimes steal, 

And though the charge they often spurned, 
Its truth they made me feel. 

Cattle and horses disappeared. 

We sought without delay, 
But very seldom of them heard; 

They did not go astray. 

The Mormons sometimes would pretend 

To look for stock astray, 
And if not ready to defend, 

They drove large herds away. 

But I was not alone, it seems, 

And company is good; 
They often proved stock from the teams 

That freighted on the road. 

They went in squads of four and six, 

And, when they met a team, 
Some one part of the stock would pick, 

The others prove the same. 

For these the teamster had to pay, 

For, whether false or true, 
If half his stock was proved away, 

He could no farther go. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 55 

Once, while on business far away, 

Up at a mining town, 
My trusty herder came to me 

And said a band had gone. 

Some men had taken them by day. 

He tried to drive them back; 
They sternly ordered him away. 

At night he lost the r track. 

Six days I rode and searched and talked — 

This was a costly band — 
For 1 had to produce the stock, 

Or pay upon demand. 

I cursed Port Rockwell and his crew, 

And hunted every day. 
At last of them I got a clue, 

About ten miles away. 

Their herder left when he saw me — 

I did not learn his name — 
But quickly drove the stock away 

Back to the ranch again. 

A friend next morning came to me, 

Who said, " You better go 
Away a little while, and see 

If times will smoother grow, 

' ' For Eockwell took an oath last night 
That he would shoot you dead 
The first time that he got a sight. 
He will do as he said. 

' ' He does not take an oath in vain. 
Without fear or remorse 
A hundred men at least he's slain. 
Come, saddle up your horse." 

I told my friend I did not feel 

Like fleeing far from strife; 
I would not turn upon my heel 

To save my own dear life; 

That I would saddle up my horse, 

And back with him would go. 
To me it seemed the better course 

At once to meet the foe. 



56 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

" My friend," said he, " do stop and think, 
And grant me this request. 
Do go, if only for a week; 
You need some little rest." 

I will not flee from any man, 

Not for one single hour. 
Within his fortress I will stand, 

And challenge Rockwell's power. 

A brave man cannot die but once; 

A coward dies each day. 
Am I a coward and a dunce 

That I should run away ? 

I have only one life to live, 

Only one death to die; 
That life for rights I freely give, 

And all my foes defy. 

I'll beard the lion in his den, 

Port Rockwell in his hold, 
And if I die, farewell, my friend, 

Remember days of old. 

I took my navy pistol true, 

And my good bowie-knife, 
The safest instruments I knew 

In a contest for life, 

And, mounting my most trusty steed, 

Alone I rode away. 
My friend, whose voice I would not heed, 

Declined to go with me. 

Dismounting at the ' ' Block House " door, 

I entered the bar-room, 
And saw but one man, yet heard more 

Within the dining-room. 

I asked if Rockwell was at home; 

He said that he would see, 
And went into the dining-room. 

Now was the time for me. 

Facing both doors I took my stand, 

The center of the room, 
With my revolver in my hand, 

And watched for him to come. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 57 

The talk grew very warm indeed 

Within the other room. 
I plainly heard the women plead 

With Rockwell not to come. 

Full fifteen minutes by the clock 

I watched for him to come. 
I plainly heard Port Rockwell talk, • 

And knew that he was home. 

The conversation died away 

At last, I heard no more. 
As for the man I sent away, 

I saw him out the door. 

He said that Rockwell was not home, 

And would not be that day; 
But it was only since I came 

That he had gone away. 

But as I left, the thought occurred 

That he might watch for me, 
And waylay me upon the road. 

I went another way. 

Port Rockwell was by far too wise 

To be slain in a fight. 
He took his victims by surprise, 

And shot them dead on sight. 

This whole affair was quickly known; 

News went from door to door. 
But Rockwell that same night had gone. 

I never saw him more. 

He gathered all the stock he could, 

And quickly started out, 
Not by the plain, well -traveled road, 

But a more private route. 

At Carsons next we heard from him. 

He got into a fight 
About some cattle, killed his man, 

And left there in the night. 

He soon arrived at great Salt Lake, 

Where he was a great man, 
And did his old \ osition take 

As leader of his clan. 



58 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

The Indians had taken arms 

Against the Mormon rule, 
But Rockwell, used to war's alarms, 

Soon did their ardor cool, 

And, when our Government had sent 

An army to Salt Lake, 
Port Rockwell, on resistance bent, 

Did every effort make. 

He fortified each canyon well, 

Which to the valley led, 
And managed his small force with skill. 

He stern resistance made. 

He harassed Johnson and his troops, 

And captured army trains, 
Which caused the army to lay up 

At Bridger, on the plains, 

Until great Brigham gave consent 

To let our soldiers come 
Into the valley, pitch their tents, 

And make themselves at home. 



Now for a time I lived in peace, 

And cut my clover hay. 
My herd had constantly decreased, 

Till all had gone away. 

I sold my hay upon the ground, 
Which was soon hauled away, 

Supplying all the taverns round 
With splendid clover hay. 



Some men who came from the Coa'st Range, 

The region of Clear Lake, 
Said they had cattle on the plains 

They wished to have me take. 

They wanted to secure good range, 

Close by the mining towns, 
That they with butchers might arrange 

To furnish beef all round. 

They had about a thousand head, 

And when they could dispose 
Of these, a thousand. more they said 

They could bring if they chose. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 59 

Their stock was wild and full of fright, 

The wildest I had seen. 
They were a most romantic sight 

When herded on the green. 

And as the buyers picked them out, 

Vaqueros closed them round, 
While others, with reatas stout, 

Would drag them to the ground. 

The first would catch them by the horn, 

The second by the heel, 
The third would sock the iron on, 

Until the hide would peel. 

This brand, exactly like the old, 

Was only meant to show 
That the poor creature had been sold 

And must to slaughter go. 

Sometimes vaqueros showed their skill 

By throwing bulla alone. 
His horse would hold the monster still, 

Till he was firmly bound. 

I learned to ride in Spanish style, 

And throw the lariat. 
And mounted horses tame or wild, 

Such as I chanced to get. 

I had good horses not a few, 

And some of choicest breed. 
I was a daring rider, too, 

And rode with reckless speed. 

The antelope upon the plains 

Were swifter than the wind, 
But when I loosed my bridle reins 

The greyhounds lagged behind. 

I oft the antelope pursued, 

And chased him long and well, 
Until, his fiery speed subdued, 

Into my hands he fell. 



I knew a girl about eighteen, 
Tall, yet of faultless form. 

She was as graceful as a queen; 
Her heart was pure and warm. 



60 NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 

Her features bore the bloom of health, 

Her cheeks twin roses red, 
And gentle dimples came by stealth 

For each sweet word she said. 

Her hair was wavy, long, and dark, 

And floated loose behind. 
Her dark eyes gleamed a gentle spark, 

Which showed a gentle mind. 

She had most dainty hands and feet, 

Her voice was soft .and low. 
I fondly loved with her to meet, 

And with her riding go. 

She had a noble pinto steed, 

That no one else might ride. 
With her own hands she gave him feed; 

He carried her with pride. 

We sometimes chased the shy coyote 

O'er hills and through ravines, 
To places which were quite remote, 

Amid the wildest scenes. 

The fairest blossoms on the plains 

Were not more fair than she, 
And, when she held her bridle reins, 

An angel seemed to be. 

Thus she and I in company 

Spent many happy hours, 
For she was all the world to me. 

We often gathered flowers. 

I loved her truly, long, and well, 
And deemed that she loved me. 

Far better than her tongue would tell 
She loved my company. 

But when I took her by the hand, 

And told her of my woe, 
Unless I could her love command, 

She softly answered, "JS"o." 

We must not marry now, she said, 

Our lives are sweet and gay, 
And I much fear that if we wed 

Our loves will pass away. 



NARRATIVE OF A CALIFORNIA PIONEER. 61 

I did her sweet remonstrance hear, 

And bowed to her sweet will, 
Yet did not from her presence tear, 

But loved her better still 

And now, when years have rolled away, 

And youth and pleasure o'er, 
I think she chose the better way, 

And love her still the more. 

Although she did another wed, 

Though much against her will, 
And has these many years been dead, 

I am her lover still. 



A NEW DEPARTURE ON TEM- 
PERANCE. 



f^ARLY forty years ago, while a student at the 
old Homer Academy, in the State of New York, 
in common with many other students, and some 
of the teachers, I united with the " Sons of Temper- 
ance," which was at that time comparatively a new 
institution. 

Feeling the importance of the movement, and be- 
ing at that time young and hopeful, I confidently 
believed that it would carry everything before it, 
and eventually overthrow the powers of old king 
alcohol, and emancipate all his slaves. 

But although the same organization has continued 
to exist and labor ever since that time, and many 
other associations, having the same object in view, 
have from time to time come to its support, and 
although many of the States of our Union have from 
time to time enacted stringent laws for the suppres- 
sion of the traffic in intoxicating drinks, and to pre- 
vent and punish the crime of drunkenness, and 
although the general Government has levied an 
enormous tax on intoxicating liquors of all kinds, 
so that they now cost many times their former price, 
yet, notwithstanding all these great and long-contin- 
ued efforts to prevent the manufacture, sale, and use 
of intoxicating liquors, there are more consumed at 
the present time, in proportion to the population of 
the country, than there were forty years ago. 

It is fully and conclusively shown by the statistics 
of the courts, and generally admitted by all parties 
who have taken the trouble to investigate the sub- 



A NEW DEPARTURE. 63 

ject, that at least seven-tenths of all the crime, des- 
titution, and misery in the country, is caused,, either 
directly or indirectly, by the use of intoxicating 
drinks. And yet it has hitherto defied all the social, 
moral, and legal powers of the country, to suppress, 
or even check it in the least degree. 

If we were to search for the true cause of this 
great and ever-increasing evil, we would find that 
nine-tenths of all the liquor consumed were drank Jby 
persons who care very little or nothing about it, but 
merely drink in conformity to a social custom, which 
has been firmly established in this country, which is 
simply treating each other as a mark of friendship 
and respect. Very few, indeed, ever buy liquor and 
go away by themselves to drink it, and the great 
majority of those who drink care very little about 
the kind of liquor, but will drink almost anything 
that is most convenient, their whole object being to 
show their respect and good fellowship for friends, 
by treating and drinking with them, and thus comply 
with the social custom of the country. 

So we are at once led to the conclusion that it is 
not the love of liquor, but this custom of treating 
and drinking with each other, which has been so dif- 
ficult to overcome. And, although there is a very 
great difference in the amount of harm produced by 
the use of strong liquors, such as whisky, brandy, 
rum, and gin, and the more mild and less intoxicating 
kinds, such as wine, beer, and cider, yet every move- 
ment in the cause of temperance has been aimed 
alike at the whole line, from fiery whisky down to 
poor, harmless cider. 

Now suppose that the advocates of temperance 
were to concentrate their forces against some partic- 
ular point of old king alcohol's line of battle, instead 
of continuing the attack all along the line at once, 
what would be the result? Is it not reasonable to 
suppose that by this means his lines could be broken, 



64 A NEW DEPARTURE. 

and his whole force routed in detail ? In other words, 
suppose we suspend the contest against pure wine, 
beer, and cider, ana have stringent laws enacted and 
enforced against the importation, manufacture, and 
sale of whisky, brandy, rum, and gin. Such a course 
would not be at war with our established social cus- 
toms, and would at once enlist the wine-growing and 
beer-manufacturing interests of the whole country, 
as powerful allies in the cause of temperance and re- 
form, and thus injure a certain victory, wbich would 
eventually revolutionize the world. 

The wine-growing interests of (California are too 
powerful to be overcome. The vines have taken 
deep root in the soil, and cannot well be removed, 
and I, for one, do not wish to remove them. I rather 
wish to see our pure native wines take the place of 
stronger and more hurtful liquors, and be found in 
every house and on every table. Their wise and 
moderate use will prove a blessing rather than a 
curse; and their production and sale will materially 
aid in making California the richest and fairest of 
the great sisterhood of States. 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY— 
1883. 



; Fok unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have 
abundance; but from him that hath not shall be taken away 
even that which he hath." 

HESE words, according to St. Matthew, were 
spoken in a spirit of prophecy, by the Saviour of 
mankind, nearly two thousand years ago, and 
very strikingly portray the state of our financial 
affairs in this country at the present time, which we 
will now endeavor to show in as clear and brief a 
manner as possible. 

According to the present banking laws of the 
United States, any five or more citizens who are so 
fortunate as to be the joint possessors of $100,000, or 
more, can invest the money in United States regis- 
tered interest-bearing bonds and deposit the same 
with the United States treasurer, and thereby secure 
the right and privilege of entering into a banking as- 
sociation; and the United States treasurer is author- 
ized by law to give the new-made corporation ninety 
per cent of the amount of the bonds so deposited in 
United States bank notes, to be used as a circulating 
medium of exchange, with which to commence and 
carry on the business of banking. 

These banks are taxed only one per cent upon the 
average amount of these notes actually kept in circu- 
lation, and one-half of one per cent upon their bank 
deposits and surplus capital. The bonds which they 
have on deposit with the United States treasurer are 
not taxed. By these arrangements it may be clearly 
seen that the bankers are enabled to make nearly 



66 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

or quite fourfold interest upon the original amount 
of money actually belonging to them: 1. By their 
exemption from taxes upon the bonds they have on 
deposit. 2. By the interest they draw upon these 
bonds. 3. By the interest they receive on United 
States bank notes, and their own checks and drafts 
loaned out. 4. By interest and discounts from bank 
deposits, besides many other means of making money, 
best known to themselves. 

Under the operations of this very beneficent bank- 
ing system, according to the report of the secretary 
of the treasury, there were, on the thirtieth day of 
June last, 2,369 of these so-called United States 
banks already established in different parts of the 
country, with a capital stock of over five hundred 
millions of dollars in the aggregate, and holding very 
nearly that amount in United States bonds, upon 
which they draw from eighteen to twenty millions of 
dollars per annum from the Government in interest. 
They also have over three hundred and twenty-four 
millions of dollars in United States bank notes in 
actual circulation, besides a much larger amount in 
their own bank checks and drafts (which also circu- 
late to a very great extent as a medium of exchange), 
the interest upon which 'brings them another vast 
harvest of gold. 

It is not so easy to calculate the amount made by 
them upon bank deposits and discounts, but, judging 
from the nature of the business, it must be enormous. 
Is it any wonder that millionaires multiply all over 
the country with most astonishing rapidity? Bank- 
ers have no hesitation in exacting from five to eight 
per cent interest on money loaned to merchants and 
others, on good security, but they complain bitterly 
about having to pay a tax of one per cent on the 
United States bank notes furnished them by the 
Government, and their own bank checks and drafts 
are used by them in their business to a great extent 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 67 

instead of United States bank notes, so as to avoid 
paying this tax as much as possible. 

While the total currency of the country is very 
little short of $2,000,000,000, the United States bank 
notes in circulation are less than one-sixth of that 
amount, and all that the Government receives from 
these banks, from taxes and all other sources, is the 
comparatively insignificant sum of about $8,000,000 
per annum. 

At the same time there were $346,000,000 in 
United States treasury notes in circulation, which are 
now, and always have been, at par with United States 
bank notes. These notes cost the Government very 
little except the paper upon which they are printed. 
The gold and silver coin in the vaults of the United 
States treasury has, during the last three years, 
generally ranged from two hundred to two hundred 
land fifty millions of dollars. This large sum can 
easily be increased to any desirable amount and 
pledged to the redemption of these notes. And let 
it once be generally known to the public that 
there is constantly on hand in the vaults of the 
United States treasury a large amount of gold and 
silver coin which may be drawn upon at pleasure, by 
simply presenting the treasury notes at any of the 
numerous places of Government deposit, and very 
few would want the coin. Nearly all would prefer 
the treasury notes for the sake of convenience, and 
very little gold and silver would be required for gen- 
eral circulation. 

And now we ask, in all candor, why, in the name 
of common sense, any considerable class of intelligent 
people, except bankers and their dependents, should 
desire to perpetuate this huge, complicated, and most 

Note. — Since the above was written Congress has, with its usual 
generosity to the rich and powerful, repealed all the taxes on 
United States bank notes, surplus capital, and bank deposits, 
thus giving bankers $8,000,000 more. 



68 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

expensive banking system. It may have been well 
enough at the time it was first inaugurated, nearly 
twenty years ago. The nation was at that time in 
the throes of a great civil war, a desperate struggle 
for existence. The Government had been forced to 
suspend specie payment, and experienced great diffi- 
culty in disposing of its bonds, so as to raise the 
necessary means for carrying on the war, and was 
consequently forced to offer very liberal terms to 
bankers, and Others who had money, in order to 
secure their aid and co-operation in overcoming the 
difficulties with which we were at that time sur- 
rounded. 

But these ends have now all been happily accom- 
plished. Our glorious Union has been preserved, the 
honor of our flag vindicated, and the whole country 
has settled down into a state of peace and general 
prosperity. The bankers and money lenders have 
been made immensely rich as a fitting reward for 
their venture, and the banking system then inaug- 
urated has already outlived its usefulness. The 
country now wants a financial system at once safe,- 
cheap, and simple, — a system which will not require 
any very great amount of special pleading on the 
part of officers of the general Government in order 
to be clearly understood and appreciated by the peo- 
ple. 

When the present banking laws expired by lim- 
itation, in June, 1883, would it not have been a 
master stroke of financial policy and sound economy 
to have substituted treasury notes for United States 
bank notes, now in circulation and in the hands of 
bankers, and thus redeemed the bonds now in the 
United States treasury as security for the banks, and 
thus by one grand sweep have canceled that large 
amount of our national indebtedness, and at the same 
time put an end to the payment of eighteen or 
twenty millions of dollars of the people's money, 
each year into the capacious vaults of the banks. 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 69 

But Congress has already checkmated this move- 
ment, by rechartering these United States banks, 
and there was no Jackson at the head of the Govern- 
ment, to put his veto upon this huge, overgrown 
Polypus, which again threatens to capsize the great 
ship of State. 

We need but one kind of paper money, and that 
should issue directly from the United States Treasury, 
under the direction and general supervision of Con- 
gress. This money would be perfectly safe, and can, 
and should, always be kept at par with gold and 
silver coin and circulate freely, without discount or 
hinderance of any kind, from one corner of the Union 
to another. 

We are not among those who believe that congress- 
men are, as a general rule, any wiser or more honest 
than the general average of their more humble 
constituents. It is well-known that many candidates 
for congressional honors often resort to very question- 
able means to secure their elections, and it need not 
surprise any one that they should continue in about 
the same course of conduct while in office, in order 
to get back the money which they have already 
expended, and more with it, so as to be the better 
prepared for the next campaign, or for elegant retire- 
ment. Nor do Congressmen, as a general rule, live 
much in the fear of God. But, thanks to our wise 
and good elective franchise, they do live somewhat in 
the fear of the people, and as the good old Eomans 
used to say, " Vox populi, vox Dei. 1 ' But it has been 
truly said that in the multitude of council there is 
safety, and as Congressmen are selected from among 
the people of every section of the country in fair 
proportion, they have better opportunities of know- 
ing their wants and necessities, a.nd are, therefore, 
less likely to so regulate the currency of the country 
as to cause stringency or inflation than bankers, 
who, as a general rule, care only for their own private 



70 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

interests, and pay very little heed to the wants and 
necessities of the people at large. 

It may not be entirely out of place here to ask 
what Congress proposes to do with these pet banks, 
when the public debt shall be so far paid that there 
are no longer bonds enough left to answer the pur- 
poses of security for the issue of United States bank 
notes. Or does that honorable body propose to follow 
the recommendation of President Arthur, in his last 
annual message, and not be in too great a hurry 
about paying the public debt, so as to perpetuate the 
lease of bankers on the United States Treasury for 
an indefinite period, until all the wealth of the coun- 
try shall pass into the hands of the banks and other 
rich and powerful corporations, and the great mass 
of the people become tramps and beggars, to be 
employed in flush times, at such wages as their lordly 
masters see fit to give them, and at other times to be 
locked out to starve, or wander from place to place, 
begging for employment and subsistence. 

When a little money was wanted to pension the 
few surviving veterans of the Mexican War, who, by 
unsurpassed courage and endurance, shed so much 
glory upon the arms of our common country, and 
added six great States and Territories to the strength 
of the Union, there was no money for them. But 
when bankers ask for eighteen or twenty millions of 
dollars per annum, or a similar amount is wanted, 
ostensibly for internal improvements, but which will 
mostly find its way into the pockets of Government 
pets, there is money in abundance. 

Nor are there any public lands to be distributed 
among the veteran soldiers of the late war for the 
Union, as a partial reward for the patriotism and 
valor displayed by them, in restoring the stars and 
stripes over each recreant State of our glorious Union. 
Yet within the last twenty years more than one hun- 
dred millions of acres have been donated to railroad 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 71 

corporations, which, in many of the States, through 
this Government aid, are fast becoming more power- 
ful than the State governments themselves, and, if 
not checked, they will soon be entirely beyond State 
control, and, by uniting their forces, the} 7 may yet be 
able to grapple successfully with the general Govern- 
ment itself. 

Neither has Congress made an appropriation for 
equalizing soldiers' bounties, or refunding what they 
lost by receiving a depreciated currency instead of 
gold and silver coin in scanty pay for their valuable 
services. But Congressmen take good care to see 
that their own services are well paid; they fare 
sumptuously every day, and many are enabled to 
live far above their salaries and still return to their 
constituents much richer than when they left. 

It has been very difficult indeed for any class or 
association of poor people, however meritorious, to 
get any aid from Congress. That honorable body 
seems disposed to literally follow the spirit of the 
text: "Unto every one that hath shall be given, and 
he shall have abundance," etc. 

The honorable members of Congivss forcibly re- 
mind us of the good old deacon, who, being in very 
easy circumstances himself, his sympathies were very 
naturally with those of his own class and condition, 
and his daily prayer was, ''Lord, help the rich, the 
poor can beg." 

The old and very consoling theory of the ancient 
monks and hermits, that " those who were denied the 
pleasures and comforts of this world, and daily suf- 
fered for the bare wants and necessities of life, would 
have all the greater share of happiness and glory in 
the next," will hardly do for the people of this age 
and country. Nearly all feel as if they were justly 
entitled to a reasonable share of the good things of 
this world as they pass through it, and all the happi- 
ness and glory to which they may justly be entitled 



72 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

in the next world besides, and very properly ques- 
tion the right of any man or association of men, to 
monopolize an unreasonable share of the comforts 
and blessings which a munificent and just Creator 
has so bountifully bestowed upon all mankind. I 
repeat the question. Shall the few, through the aid 
and co-operation of Congress and the President, con- 
tinue to accumulate their millions, and secure posses- 
sion of the greater portion of the wealth of the 
country, while a much larger and more deserving 
class of citizens be made to suffer daily for the want of 
their just and rightful share of this wealth, which is 
securely held by the laws of the country, entirely 
beyond their reach ? This all-important question 
rnu^t be finally settled by the people themselves at 
the polls, not in a single battle, but in a succession of 
battles, through all the coming years. 

"Eternal vigilance is the 'p^i^e of liberty " and her 
champions must be ever on the alert; they must be 
ever active, vigilant, and brave. 

We are largely in the majority, and if we continue 
to elect men to fill the various offices of the Govern- 
ment who will not serve our interests, it will be en- 
tirely our own fault. The remedy is clearly within 
our reach. We must organize, and discipline our- 
selves to act and vote together as one man, and al- 
ways select our truest and best men for leaders, "and 
swear with them to hold the fort," and victory will 
perch upon our banners in qyqyj well-contested field. 

A few more words and we are done with this 
branch of our subject. 

Two objections are constantly being urged against 
the standard silver dollar. One objection is that it 
is too heavy and cumbersome for general circulation, 
while others contend that it is too light and should 
be made heavier, or, in other words, that they should 
contain more silver. 

These two objections so nearly balance each other 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 73 

that we should feel disposed to let them go for what 
they are worth, and drop the subject, but the late 
honorable Secretary of the Treasury, Sherman (and 
others have since followed his lead), states in his last 
annual report that the silver dollar did not contain a 
dollar's worth of silver, and recommended that the 
seventy-five or eighty millions then in circulation and 
in the vaults of the treasury should be recoined and 
more silver put into them. 

Neither does a dollar treasury note contain a dol- 
lar's worth of paper. Yet it circulates at par with 
gold, and nobody wants it made larger so as to eon- 
tain more paper. It is not the amount of material 
in the dollar that the people care for; but they want 
a dollar that will go for just one hundred cents, no 
more nor less. If the honorable secretary thinks 
that the standard silver dollar would circulate any 
better for having ten or fifteen grains more silver in 
it, we think he is very much mistaken. And there 
are also causes now at work, which, in all human 
probabilities, will create a considerable raise in the 
price of silver bullion before many years have rolled 
around, and should the honorable ex-secretary's rec- 
ommendation be at any time put into operation, the 
mints would probably not get half through the heavy 
task of recoining before there would be a general 
demand that the amount of silver in the dollar should 
again be reduced. 

It is always best to let well enough alone. Let 
the dollar of our fathers be also the dollar of our 
children. If the people prefer treasury notes for 
general circulation, by all means they should have 
them. Let the silver dollars remain in the vaults 
of the treasury till they are wanted. There is 
no possibility of getting too many of them on 
hand; and if the present vaults are not large 
enough, build larger ones. These dollars cannot be 
so easily stolen as gold coin or treasury notes. 
6 



74 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

It is in financial affairs as in war. In either case 
a strong reserve should constantly be kept on hand. 
And there should always be so heavy a resource of 
gold and silver coin in the United States Treasury 
that no combination of bankers, or other adverse 
circumstances, will ever again be able to force the 
Government to suspend specie payment, or make a 
corner in gold, and thereby cause a depreciation of 
the currency of the country. The present silver law 
should constantly be kept in force, and the mints 
continue to coin the standard silver dollar until silver 
bullion rises to such a figure that it can no longer 
be purchased and coined without loss to the Govern- 
ment. 

We have now come to the consideration of the 
second clause of our text: — 

"But from him that hath not shall be taken away 
even that which he hath " not. 

Our revenue and banking systems are twin broth- 
ers in iniquity. The one takes from the poor, and 
the other, as we have already shown, gives to the 
rich. It is a simple truth that an Astor, or a Yan- 
derbilt, or the wealthiest merchant in New York, 
pays very little more money into the national treas- 
ury (except as duties on goods, licenses, etc., which 
in the end is all paid back, and more with it) than 
any ordinary poor person. 

And here comes the great puzzle, how to get 
money from a man that has none. It has been said 
that we cannot get blood from a turnip. The En- 
glish Parliament solved this puzzle many centuries 
ago, and our Congress early got hold of the secret. 
These wise and cunning legislators do not wait for 
the money to get into the poor man's pocket; they 
would not trust him with it one minute. They cun- 
ningly contrive to get it before he gets his fingers 
upon it, or even sees it. 

This is done by putting a tax upon nearly all of 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 75 

the necessaries and comforts of life. This tax the 
merchant pays, and adds to the original price of each 
article of merchandise, with a good round sum be- 
sides, as profits and insurance against loss. The 
merchant knows that the poor consumer must have 
the goods at any cost, and he is right. The con- 
sumer buys the goods from the merchant, and foots 
the whole bill. The money originally paid into the 
United States Treasury by the merchant, was only a 
loan to his future customer, which is now repaid with 
compound interest. 

The only redeeming virtue in the whole transac- 
tion is the fact that a very large portion of the peo- 
ple pay the tax without knowing it. And Shakes- 
peare says: — 

"lie that is robbed, not knowing he is robbed, is not 
robbed at all." 

Be that as it may, the Government manages to get 
money enough from the people each year to pay its 
most extravagant expenses, and rapidly reduce the 
public debt. During the last fiscal year, ending June 
30,1882, about $220,000,000 was raised from taxes 
on imports, and $146,000,000 from internal revenue 
tax, $366,000,000 per annum. And this vast sum all 
conies directly from consumers, nine-tenths of whom 
are comparatively poor people. 

There are now about ten million voters in the 
United States, and this tax, equally divided among 
them, would amount to $36.60 each, per annum. 
And if each voter was required to pay this large 
sum openly each year as a direct poll tax, it would 
be denounced by all as a most tyrannical and out- 
rageous imposition. 

But this is by no means the worst feature of our 
revenue system. It causes even a much larger 
amount to be paid by the people each year, directly 
into the hands of wealthy manufacturing companies 
or corporations. 



76 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

If we take a look into the workings of our revenue 
laws in the cotton manufacturing business, we will 
find that, according to the last census, we have 756 
cotton manufactories in the United States. The 
amount of capital invested is, in round numbers, 
$208,000,000. The number of operatives employed 
is 172,544, of which 97,752 are women and 
girls. Added to this are 2,115 officers and clerks. 
The whole amount of wages paid during the last 
census year was $42,040,510, averaging about $20.00 
per month to each individual employed, the officers 
and clerks getting the highest wages, as a matter 
of course, and the women and girls the least. The 
profits of the owners amounted to a little over $63,- 
000,000, or about 33 per cent per annum, on the cap- 
ital invested. 

If we purchase a bill of manufactured cotton goods 
directly from any of these manufacturers, about one- 
third of the purchase money goes directly into the 
pockets of the capitalists, while the remaining two- 
thirds go to pay for material and labor. We have 
to pay at least twenty-five per cent more for the 
goods than we ought to pay. All except about eight 
per cent, which would be a fair compensation for the 
use of the money invested, is directly chargeable to 
the tariff. 

Had we time and space to examine into the opera- 
tions of woolen and iron manufactories, tjie general 
results would no doubt be about the same, the 
owners making an immense profit, and the operatives 
barely a living, with the dread assurance of being 
thrown out of employment whenever the business is 
overdone, or becomes slack from any other cause. 

That a general reduction of the tax on imports 
would cause any material reduction in the price of 
labor, we do not believe. But it would make an es- 
sential difference in the cost of living, as we will 
show more clearly by the following extract from a 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 77 

speech of Senator Maxey, of Texas, as published in 
the Vidette, a periodical published at Washington 
City:— 

" The farmer whose whole mind is bent on his 
agricultural pursuits, has neither the time nor oppor- 
tunity to investigate the influence of the tariff tax 
on his household expenses. It is a fact, however, 
that every article he uses is either directly subject 
to a tariff tax, or its price is enhanced by the tariff. 
Let us enumerate these burdens. The farmer in the 
West, where lumber is scarce, pays either a direct or 
enhanced tax of 20 per cent on the lumber his house 
is built of; a tax of 35 per cent on. the paint it is 
painted with; of 90 per cent on the window glass; 
of 35 per cent on the nails; of 53 per cent on the 
screws; of 30 per cent on the door-locks; of from 35 
to 40 per cent on the hinges; of 35 per cent on the 
wall paper; of from 60 to 70 per cent on his carpets; 
of 40 per cent on his crockery; of 38 per cent on his 
iron hollow ware; of 35 per cent on his cutlery; of 
40 per cent on his glassware; of from 35 to 40 per 
cent on the linen he uses in his household; of 50 per 
cent on the common Castile soap he uses; and 48 per 
cent on the starch. 

" When he goes into his barn, stable, or workshop, 
he will find that he pays 35 per cent on the iron he 
uses; 53 per cent on halter chains; 45 per cent on 
the files or rasps he may use; 47 per cent on the 
bucksaw; 49 per cent on thecross-cutsaw; 38 per cent 
on the hand saw; and 35 per cent on any sheet iron 
he may require. On his medicines he pays from 20 
to 40 per cent; and on his sugar he pays a tax of at 
least 60 per cent. And as for the clothing he and 
his family use, let us enumerate the tax separately. 
On his wool hat he pays from 60 to 80 per cent; on 
his fur hat, from 45 to 60 per cent; on his suit of 
woolen clothes, some 55 per cent; on the leather for 
his boots and shoes, 35 per cent; on his hosiery, 35 



78 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

per cent. On his wife's and daughter's common 
alpaca dress, he pays from 65 to 70 per cent; on spool 
thread, 70 percent; and on needles, 35 per cent. 

" If we were inclined to follow these topics further, 
it would take up too much time: suffice it to say 
that the furnishing of his child's cradle, and the 
coffin in which he is finally buried, pay either a di- 
rect tax, or are enhanced in price by our tariff sys- 
tem." 

Our internal revenue system, in its operations, is 
no improvement upon our tariff or imports. Upon 
careful investigation the showing is, if possible, even 
much worse. 

Of the immense sums raised each year by the gen- 
eral Government from this source, by far the greater 
portion is derived from the heavy tax on whisky and 
tobacco. It is generally understood that Congress 
imposed this burdensome tax upon these two articles 
upon the hypothesis that they are harmful luxuries, 
and by no means necessaries of life, and could there- 
fore be easily dispensed with by all who found the 
tax too burdensome. 

This would no doubt be very good logic were the 
principal consumers the only ones who suffer; but 
such is not the case. The consumers are mostly 
grown men-, and generally very poor men at that, 
while the principal sufferers are innocent and helpless 
women and children. An inordinate use of intoxi- 
cating beverages and of tobacco, has always been an 
oppressive burden upon the community at large, even 
when untaxed, and their price very little above the 
cost of production and manufacture, and it may have 
been intended that this tax should cause a reduction 
in their consumption; but such has not been the 
case. Acquired tastes and habits have proved 
stronger than the love of money, home, or family. 

Some of us can remember when small distilleries 
were scattered all over most of the States, and pure 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 79 

whisky was everywhere sold at from twenty cents to 
thirty cents per gallon, and any ordinary poor man 
could get as drunk as a lord, for less than a quarter of 
a dollar. But since the tax of ninety cents per gallon 
has been levied upon it by the general Government, 
and each State and county have added an additional 
tax or license, a grand era of speculation in whisky 
has ensued. Large companies have been organized, 
and mammoth distilleries erected, and the business 
has assumed most gigantic proportions. Armies of 
agents in the employ of these great companies 
swarm over the country, traveling in elegant style, 
and spending money in the most extravagant profu- 
sion. They search for customers in every nook and 
corner of the Union, and set the example of extrava- 
gant debauchery, by drinking copiously themselves, 
and inviting all whom they chance to meet to drink 
with them at their expense. 

The legitimate consequences of all this speculation 
and excitement have been to increase the demand 
and raise the price of whisky to a very high figure. 
In fact, very little pure whisky can now be had, ex- 
cept from first hands, at any price. The temptation 
to adulterate it on account of the taxes upon it, and 
its greatly enhanced price, is so great that very little 
indeed ever passes through the hands of any ordi- 
nary retail dealer, and many of them could safely 
swear that there is not a drop of pure whisky in the 
villainous concoctions which they every day sell as 
such to their deluded customers. And yet each 
dealer is required to have a license, or, in other 
words, a certificate of copartnership, posted in some 
conspicuous place behind his bar, to show that the 
Government is a partner with him in this vile traffic, 
and receives a share of the profits. 

It has been said that " ours is a Government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people." If such 
be the case, each and all of us have the distinguished 



80 A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

honor of being accomplices in this low, base robbery 
of the poor, who receive a thousand times worse 
than nothing in exchange for the money taken from 
them. We have every day taken the last dime from 
those who are worse than widowed mothers, and 
stolen the bread from the mouths of their children. 
And millions on millions of this ill-gotten gain are 
every year poured into the plethoric coffers of the 
rich. 

"'■But from him that hath not shall be taken away 
even that which he hath " not. 

It would seem that in a popular Government like 
ours, the laborer, the producer, and the tradesman 
should have at least a fair and equal share in the great 
race of life; but such has not been the case. For 
many years the great tendency of legislation has 
been to coDstantly take from the poor and give to 
the rich, making the poor poorer and the rich richer. 
But, as we have truly and faithfully endeavored to 
show, the letter and spirit of the prophecy of the 
text is now. fully and completely fulfilled, and the 
hour for a change draws near. Are capitalists pre- 
pared for this change ? By the aid and co-operation 
of the Groverument, they are mounted on very high 
horses, and ride rough-shod over the great mass of 
the American people. 

It is the plain duty of cougressmen to enact laws 
to restrain the rich and powerful, and aid and en- 
courage the industrious and deserving poor, and to 
set an example worthy of being followed by their 
constituents. But their conduct has generally been 
quite the reverse. They have permitted the paid 
agents of the banks, the railroads, the manufactories, 
and the whisky rings, who are always clamorous for 
a fresh pull at the national treasury, to besiege and 
infest the halls of Congress during each day, and the 
nights are made hideous by the sound of lascivious 
and drunken revelry. And our national capital, 



A SERMON ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 81 

which bears the sacred name of Washington, to the 
everlasting shame and disgrace of the whole Ameri- 
can nation, has gradually become a paradise of har- 
lots, and a den of thieves. 

Comrades and brethren, it is your votes and mine 
which have done all these things. If we continue to 
elect men to office who are entirely unfit for the 
business with which they are intrusted, we richly 
deserve to suffer all the poverty, shame, and disgrace 
which are the legitimate consequences of our own 
acts. 

In conclusion, would it not be well for some of the 
wiser heads in Congress to set about devising some 
scheme for raising money to pay the current ex- 
penses of the Government and the public debt, other 
than by tariff, and internal revenue tax. The time 
may soon come when the great mass of the people 
will learn that they are being robbed, and it will be 
well if Congress and the people at large are not al- 
together unprepared for that event. Governments 
are instituted among men to protect life and property, 
and why should not property be made to bear a just 
and reasonable share of the expenses of Govern- 
ment? 

At all events, it will be well that no more of the 
public moneys, bonds, lands, or other valuable consid- 
erations, should be donated to banking, railroad, 
steamship, or other rich and powerful corporations, 
without first submitting the same to a direct vote of 
the people, to whonc^the public money and other prop- 
erty actually belong. 

If this property belonged to congressmen, they 
would not be as liberal as they now are in voting it 
away, and the simple fact of their voting away that 
which does not belong to them creates a reasonable 
suspicion, at least, that they profit largely by the 
operation. 



82 IRELAND. 

We will now close with the following verses 

Most congressmen work half their time 

On schemes to rob the State; 
The other half each other's crimes 

They do investigate. 

To him that hath, more shall be given, 

This rule they do obey; 
He that hath nothing under heaven, 

From him they take away. 

They rob the poor to give the rich. 

Thus millionaires are made. 
The poor may starve in the last ditch, 

But bankers must be paid. 



IRELAND. 







H, Ireland, thou land of song, 
Home of the storied brave, 
Old England cannot very long 
Thy warlike sons enslave. 

The robber must give up the spoil, 
Too long withheld from thee, 

Give back to Ireland her soil, 
And make her children free. 



A NEW NATIONAL SONG. 



A 



THE GODDESS OF LIBERTY. 

VOICE resounds in thunder tone, 
Which shakes the earth from zone to zone: 
" Who guards the Goddess Liberty 
From rebel hordes and tyranny ? " 
Millions of freemen shall report, 
And swear with her to hold the fort. 
Our fathers hear us from the sky; 
W T e swear to hold the fort or die. 

The work our fathers have begun 
Is handed down from "sire to son." 
No matter who the foe may be, 
We draw the sword for Liberty. 
Millions of freemen, &c. 

If fierce rebellion should again 
Destroy her peace or give her pain, 
Or rulers of some foreign State 
Their obligations violate, 

Millions of freemen, &c. 

She fears not war, though she loves peace, 
Which does her wealth and power increase; 
But when a foe her peace does mar, 
She quickly dons the garb of war. 
Millions of freemen, &c. 

Should foreign nations all unite, 
And challenge her to deadly fight, 
And down the gage of battle throw, 
Or at her bosom aim a blow, 
Millions of freemen, &c. 

Tyrants shall tremble, kingdoms fall; 
Our Union shall survive them all; 
Brave hearts shall bleed for Liberty, 
The gentle ruler of the free. 
Millions of freemen, &c. 



84 ' A NEW NATIONAL SONG. 

Her starry flag shall be unfurled 
By every State throughout the world; 
Then Peace shall sit at her right hand, 
And war no more shall curse the land. 
Millions of freemen, &c. 

Long may our gentle goddess live, 
And all mankind true homage give, 
The world one grand republic be, 
Its watchword, God and Liberty. 
All nations shall to her report, 
And swear with her to hold the fort. 
The echo rolls along the sky, 
We swear to hold the fort, or die. 



GRAND ARMY OF LABOR. 



T is the principal object and design of this Associ- 
ation to elect State and national legislators who 
— will make it their business to incorporate into the 
laws of the country the principles and purposes con- 
tained in the following platform, and judicial and 
executive officers who will properly interpret and 
enforce them. 

PLATFORM. 

First — We demand that the United States revenue 
and banking laws, which annually cause many mill- 
ions of dollars to be taken from the poor and given 
to the rich, should be substantially modified or re- 
pealed. 

Second — We demand that all steamship, railroad, 
and telegraph lines should be placed under the direct 
supervision and control of the general Government. 

Third — We demand a safe, reliable, and truly na- 
tional circulating medium of exchange, without the 
intervention of banks, and which shall be kept at 
par with gold and silver coin. 

Fourth — We demand that the remnant of the pub- 
lic lands shall be reserved for the inheritance of 
the people who may actually settle and live thereon, 
and that all persons who now own or may hereafter 
own or possess more than one section of land, shall 
by law be made to pay an extra tax thereon, as an 
inducement for them to sell a portion to others who 
are in need of land for homes and cultivation. 

Fifth — We demand that a graded tax, the proceeds 
of which may be applied to the support of the gen- 



86 GRAND ARMY OF LABOR. 

eral Government, and payment of the national debt, 
shall be levied upon all great capitalists and million- 
aires, as follows: — 

Each individual who shall be found to own or pos- 
sess money, stocks, bonds, and other property to the 
amount of $100,000 or over, and less than $1,000,000, 
after deducting all solvent debts, shall be required 
by law to pay a tax of 1 per cent per annum upon 
the same into the national treasury. The possessor 
of $1,000,000 or over, and less than $10,000,000, 2 
per cent; $10,000,000 or over, and less than $100,000- 
000, 3 per cent, and over $100,000,000, 4 per cent. 

Sixth — We demand that all incorporated compa- 
nies shall be required by law: (1) To pay fair and 
reasonable wages to all of their employes, at stated 
periods, in cash; (2) The owners or stockholders 
shall then receive a fair and reasonable rate of 
interest on the money actually invested in the busi- 
ness; and (3) The net profits shall be equally and 
fairly divided among stockholders and employes, 
share and share alike. 

Seventh — We demand that the hoars of labor be 
reduced to eight per day, so that laborers may have 
more time for intellectual improvement and social 
enjoyment, and be able to reap the advantages con- 
ferred by labor-saving machinery, which their own 
brains have created. 

Eighth — We demand that the Government shall 
always insure an abundance of work for all who 
necessarily have to depend upon their own labor for 
subsistence; and guarantee sufficient pay for their 
services to supply them with food, clothing, shelter, 
and fuel sufficient to make them comfortable. 

Ninth — We demand the prohibition of the employ- 
ment of children under fourteen years of age in 
workshops, mines, and factories. 

Tenth — We demand the enactment of laws to 
secure to both sexes equal pay for equal work. 



GRAND ARMY OF LABOR. 87 

Eleventh — We demand that when a citizen of the 
United States can be proved, beyond a doubt, to 
have sold his vote at any election for any considera- 
tion or price whatever, laws enacted for that purpose 
shall make the sale perpetual, and he shall in this 
manner, by his own act, be disfranchised for life. 

Twelfth — We demand laws to punish theft, some- 
where in proportion to the amount stolen, and not 
the reverse, as now generally practiced in our courts. 

Thirteenth — We demand the enactment of laws that 
shall give mechanics and laborers a first lien on their 
work for their full pay, and the necessary expenses 
of foreclosing said lien. 

Fourteenth — And, finally, we demand equal civil 
and political rights for all citizens, without regard to 
sex. 

This platform has a solid, bedrock foundation. 
But if, upon trial, any plank should prove unsound 
it may be removed, and a new one put down in its 
place. Itmay also be extended by adding new planks, 
until there is standing room for all the industrial 
classes of the country, which now comprise about 
nine-tenths of the population. 



ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 



A NEW POLITICAL ORGANIZATION RECOMMENDED. 



/pJOMRADES: In this free and enlightened country 
l@| and age, the industrial classes really have the pow- 
^ er in their own hands, and can, and of right 
ought to, control and shape the destinies of the nation 
and the world. 

Without labor there would be no wealth, no pros- 
perity, and no happiness. The world would be a 
barren and dreary waste, devoid of all that makes 
life desirable or even possible, except to a very lim- 
ited extent, and under the most miserable circum- 
stances. 

But the labor of no one man, in any particular 
section of the world, can produce all that is necessary 
for his comfort and happiness. Hence the necessity 
of merchants or traders to exchange the raw mate- 
rial for the manufactured articles required for com- 
merce, and the products of one country for those of 
another; so that each individual, live where he may, 
can have and enjoy the fruits and productions of all 
the climates and countries of the world. 

To facilitate trade, ships, railroads, and canals have 
been found necessary and convenient. These should 
all be constructed, managed, and owned by the Gov- 
ernment, and used for the common benefit of all the 
people. 

But it is not always convenient or desirable to ex- 
change one product or article of merchandise directly 
for another, and for that reason a medium of ex- 
change has been invented, usually called capital or 



ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 89 

money. Men who have» managed to accumulate a 
large amount of this medium of exchange, are usu- 
ally called capitalists or bankers. 

Without this medium of exchange millionaires 
would not be pdssible, as the natural and manufact- 
ured products of the earth are too bulky and perish- 
able to be held in such vast quantities as money and 
stocks. 

Capital, though really of much less consequence 
than trade or labor, has somehow managed to get the 
control of both; and capitalists, though claiming to 
be a great benefit to society, sometimes prove to be 
an irreparable injury and curse by hoarding up and 
withholding the money required for general circula- 
tion, and also by corrupting legislation and the 
courts, and attempting to control them for their own 
vile and selfish purposes, to the great injury of the 
people and the shame of the Government. 

Accumulated capital can easily be dispensed with 
without any serious injury to society or the State; 
but trade and labor are an absolute necessity, and 
should be protected, fostered, and encouraged by 
every means within the power of the Government. 

What, then, is capital that it should demand and 
receive all the profits of labor, enterprise, and skill ? 
Or why should not labor demand and receive a just 
and reasonable share of its own hard-earned produc- 
tions ? Why should the toiling millions cringe like 
galley slaves in the presence of capital, and accept a 
mere pittance for their valuable services, barely 
enough to prolong a miserable existence, to be spent 
in the service of capital, piling up its millions ? 

The wealth of the country is fast passing into the 
hands of the few at the expense of the many. At 
one extreme, millionaires are accumulating wealth 
and increasing in numbers with the most astonishing 
rapidity, and at the other, tramps and paupers are 
increasing a thousand-fold faster. If this state of 
7 



90 ADDRESS TO WORKWOMEN. 

things is to continue a few years longer, the charter 
of our liberty will not be worth the parchment upon 
which it is written. 

We may well arouse ourselves from our Kip Van 
Winkle sleep of twenty years, and ask each other, 
What is the cause of all this, and in what manner can 
we interpose to ward off so dire a calamity, and 
once more snatch the free institutions of our country 
from impending ruin ? 

The answer is very plain and simple, indeed. For 
these many years we have been sending men to Con- 
gress who are either monopolists themselves or di- 
rectly in the service of monopolists, and receiving 
higher pay from them than they do from the Govern- 
ment; and it is the most natural thing in the world 
that they should serve those best who pay them best. 

In other words, a very large proportion of the ablest 
and most prominent members of both houses of Con- 
gress are lawyers, who are directly in the employment 
and under the pay of the great banking, railroad, or 
manufacturing corporations of the country, from which 
they receive much larger salariesorfees each year than 
they do from the general Government. Consequently, 
when matters in the interest of any of these corpo- 
rations are brought before Congress, it is not strange, 
in the least degree, that these hired and salaried 
representatives of monopoly should be on the alert, 
and always ready to advocate the cause and interests 
of their masters with tireless energy and zeal. 

But any subject or matter in the interests of trade 
or labor fails to arouse in them the least degree of 
enthusiasm, and each of these learned and wise states- 
men seems all at once to be completely enveloped in 
a mantle of the most impenetrable darkness, igno- 
rance, and doubt. 

A very large proportion of our congressmen seem 
to have come to the sage conclusion that a working- 
man has no rights that a capitalist is bound to re- 



ADD If ICS8 TO WORKWOMEN. \)\ 

spect, and, in consequence, it has now become their 
principal occupation and business to enact laws which 
have a direct tendency to make the rich richer and 
the poor poorer. 

For example: Our revenue system is a wonderfully 
brilliant and complete system for robbing the poor. 
Our banking system is a no lews brilliant system for 
donating to the rich. Our railroad system is another 
pet child of Congress, upon which has been lavished 
all the fond endearments that wealth could bestow or 
station command. Jt has constantly been fostered 
and nursed with such care that i< has already grown 
almost beyond the control of its progenitors. For it 
the bread has been stolen from the mouths of the 
children of the people, and their inheritance taken 
away from them by force of the strong arm of the 
Government. 

Let us recapitulate, and let facts be produced to 
explain and strengthen our position. Congress has, 
through its tariff and internal revenue laws, levied a 
burdensome tax upon nearly every manufactured 
article of merchandise necessarily consumed by the 
people. This tax has the effect to limit importation 
and bar out competition, and of course enhances the 
price of each article the full amount of the tax, so 
that the home manufacturer, by cutting down the 
wages of his employes to the lowest possible figure, 
is often able to realize as high as 100 per cent upon 
the capital actually invested, over and above all ex- 
penses for material and labor. Congress, by its bank- 
ing laws, gives each United States banking company 
90 per cent of its capital in United States bank notes 
as a circulating medium, and pays these bonds over 
twenty million dollars interest each year on United 
States bonds, held in trust by the Government as secu- 
rity for these notes. By this arrangement bankers are 
enabled to realize about four times the usual interest 
on the property or money actually owned by them. 



92 ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 

But for all these favors the Government receives 
comparatively nothing from bankers in return. 

Congress has, through its railroad laws, donated a 
very large amount of Government bonds and nearly 
two hundred million acres of the public lands, and 
the right of way everywhere over private as well as 
public lands, besides many other benefits and privi- 
leges to rich and powerful railroad corporations, 
which endow them with an inheritance and power 
that kings might envy — for all of which the Govern- 
ment receives very little or nothing in return. 

When we consider the rate at which the wealth of 
the whole country is being absorbed by these great 
corporations, we are struck with wonder and amaze- 
ment at the short-sightedness of our congressmen, or, 
what is more likely, their criminal neglect of duty 
towards the whole people of these United States. 
And we are still more surprised at the comparative 
silence and inactivity of the great mass of the peo- 
ple, who are quietly permitting their liberties and the 
vast inheritance given them by their forefathers to 
so easily slip from their grasp. There is a remedy 
for these evils which is within the reach of every 
American citizen. We must appeal to the ballot-box. 
But we cannot depend upon either of the old polit- 
ical organizations. In them there is no longer room 
for hope. They are sold beyond redemption to the 
powers of monopoly, and the deeds of their sale are 
recorded in the Congressional Records at Washing- 
ton. 

The famous old Democratic party, which had fur- 
nished so many noble Presidents to the country, and 
governed it with honor and credit for a long series 
of years, yielded at last to the persuasive eloquence 
of the slave power, and stepping down from its high 
position in the confidence of the people, declared its 
readiness to sacrifice the liberties of the country 
upon the altar of slavery, and deluged the fairest 
portion of our land with the blood of the people. 



ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 93 

The great Ilepublican party, after having per- 
formed its Herculean task of subduing the rebellion, 
destroying slavery, and restoring the Union, seems 
to have become intoxicated with success and power, 
and to have permitted itself to be captured in turn 
by the powers of monopoly. Its leaders have fallen 
down before the great money kings of the North, 
and bent the suppliant knee to the god of mammon. 
The tall shadows of the giants of monopoly already 
cover the land and shut out the cheering rays of the 
glorious sun of liberty from the great majority of 
the American people. 

On the one hand may be seen the pride and cir- 
cumstance, the glittering show and luxury, of wealth 
and power; and on the other hand the misery, dis- 
tress, and want of the deserving poor, who are often 
deprived of their only means of subsistence by the 
one-sided laws and usages of the country. The great 
mass of the people are becoming more and more 
restless under the heavy yoke of bondage which is 
every day pressing harder and harder upon their 
shoulders. Labor strikes and riots are becoming 
alarmingly frequent and powerful, but capital lives 
at its ease while labor is starved into terms. What, 
then, remains for us to do? The only alternative 
left us is to unite and form a new political party, 
with new ideas, new principles, and new leaders — 
leaders who will seek the greatest good for the great- 
est number, and who love humanity better than 
money. 

The Knights of Labor is a splendid, well-appointed, 
and powerful organization in the interests of labor, 
and, although not itself political in character, it is 
well calculated to act as pioneer or vanguard to a 
great political organization, and all other labor asso- 
ciations, of whatever character, should wheel into 
line and stand shoulder to shoulder in the grand 
army of labor, whose principal weapons will be the 



94 ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 

votes of its soldiers. When this army is once fully 
organized and under careful and thorough discipline, 
it will be invincible to any force that monopoly can 
send against us. 

It should ever be the aim of the Grand Army of 
Labor to conquer by the ballot alone, although it 
should take long years of weary toil and patient for- 
bearance. But sad experience has already taught 
us that to demand justice without the power to en- 
force the demand generally amounts to very little or 
nothing. And if our oppressors should continue in 
the future, as in the past, to defeat our peaceful efforts 
to obtain justice, by using the abundant means within 
their control in corrupting and intimidating voters, 
legislators, and courts; and, above all, if they con- 
tinue to employ detectives to ensnare, and armed 
soldiers to shoot down and bayonet unsuspecting 
and defenseless crowds of famishing men, women, 
and children, simply because they meet to petition 
and remonstrate against those who have robbed 
them of their earnings and then turned them out-of- 
doors to starve and perish with cold, then forbear- 
ance may cease to be a virtue, and we may be com- 
pelled to meet force with force. And, if that time 
ever should come — which may God forbid — it will be 
well for us not to be entirely unprepared for the 
mighty contest. 

Self-preservation is nature's first and greatest law, 
and it cannot be expected that men, who in child- 
hood were rocked in the cradle of liberty and who 
have the warm blood of revolutionary sires still 
coursing through their veins, should readily become 
the willing slaves of corporate tyranny and greed. 

It has hitherto been our proud boast that ours was 
a Government of the people, by the people, and for 
the people. But it has become a Government of cor- 
porations, by corporations, and for corporations; and 
our boasted 

" Land of the free and home of the brave" 



ADDRESS TO WORKTNGMEN. 95 

Is fast becoming a nation of millionaires and tramps. 

There was doubtless a great oversight in the for- 
mation of the Constitution of the United States in 
not limiting the amount of land and other property 
that an individual or corporation might own or pos- 
sess. 

We do not object to giving any man the free privi- 
lege of accumulating wealth to any reasonable 
amount, so that he may be able to spend his declin- 
ing years in ease and comfort. In fact, we respect 
and honor the man who, by his industry and frugal- 
ity, has been able to provide for himself a home and 
plenty of means for the support of himself and all 
who are dependent upon him, and we believe that 
he should be protected in bis right and peaceable pos- 
session of this property by the laws of the country 
and the whole force of the Government. 

But there should be somewhere a limit to a man's 
accumulations. No one man, or even a corporation, 
should be permitted to own the whole world, nor a 
continent, nor even a State. All wealth comes 
through labor and the free gift of an all- wise Provi- 
dence, and is intended for the common good of all 
"his creatures. No man should for an instant be de- 
prived of the right to labor, or of a reasonable share 
of the product of his labor, or, in other words, of the 
wealth his labor creates. No man, because he is 
more powerful than another, should be permitted to 
take the product of his labor or means of subsistence 
and place it beyond his reach or absorb it as a part 
of his own possessions. JNor should any combination 
of men be permitted to thus rob their fellows for the 
purpose of accumulating vast estates for which they 
have no earthly use. 

Any State whose constitution and laws permit an 
unlimited accumulation of Wealth in the hands of the 
few, bears in its bosom the seeds of its own dissolution 
and decay. We can already name three or four men 



96 ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 

whoseunited wealth would place them entirely beyond 
the reach of law and government, while thousands of 
other men, women, and children are actually suffer- 
ing and dying for want of a small portion of that 
wealth which properly belongs to them and which 
has been created by their own labor. Hence, we 
claim that all individuals and corporations which 
have accumulated more than sufficient wealth to 
place them beyond the reach of want should be sub- 
jected to a graded tax for the support of the Gov- 
ernment, which would have the effect to check: them 
in their mad career and remove a part of the burden 
of taxation from the shoulders of those who are less 
able to bear it. Such a thing as equal and uniform 
taxation does not and cannot exist. This question 
has been fully and forever settled by the courts and 
the constitutional conventions of States. And, besides 
this, it is a well-known fact that, as a general rule, 
men of moderate means pay three or four times the 
amount of taxes in proportion to the amount of their 
property that is paid by the great corporations and 
men of wealth generally. 

If a person enters a homestead or preemption 
claim on the public domain, his claim is at once taxed 
at the full price of Government lands, besides the 
improvements, if any. But the great railroad cor- 
porations refuse to pay any tax at all on the many 
millions of acres that the Government has too gener- 
ously given them. In fact, it has been a very difficult 
matter to collect any taxes whatever from some of 
these great and powerful corporations. They seem 
already above paying taxes and above the reach of 
the law. When they do pay anything, they pay 
about what they please and when they please. But 
a poor man who neglects to pay his taxes is at once 
sold out by the sheriff, and thus relieved of paying 
taxes in the future. Bankers do not pay taxes on 
the hundreds of millions of Government bonds they 



ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 97 

hold; but they are very prompt in collecting the 
interest on these bonds, and it must be paid in gold, 
too. Silver is good enough for common people, but 
these powerful pets of the Government must be paid 
in gold. 

If the introduction and general use of labor-saving 
machinery would have the effect, as it should, to 
shorten the hours of labor so as to give all an oppor- 
tunity whose inclinations or necessities require them 
to labor, and at the same time wages could be kept 
at such a figure as would place the workingman be 
yond the reach of want, then would the world become 
a paradise indeed. Then no more little children 
who ought to be at school or on the play ground, 
would be found in the mills and workshops, dragging 
out a miserable existence, wasting their sweet young 
lives and stunting their growth ; no more women who 
should be engaged in domestic duties, in the care of 
their homes, and in the proud and interesting busi- 
ness of raising young Americans, would be required 
at the factories. The general health of the people 
would be improved and their lives lengthened, and 
they would become more industrious, sober, and intel- 
ligent, more fitting to be the proud citizens of a free 
and happy country. We shall need the ready wit 
and willing hand of woman to help us solve these 
great and difficult social and political problems which 
now crowd so heavily upon us for solution. She is in 
the endearing and threefold relations of sister, wife, 
and mother, the genial partner of our homes and of all 
our joys and sorrows; why not our partner in the ballot 
in which she ought to be equally interested with our- 
selves? She has proved herself our equal in intelli- 
gence and judgment, and more than our equal in 
all that relates to true piety, social refinement, and 
moral worth. Why, then, should she not have an 
equal voice in the selection of cur rulers and in shap- 
ing the destinies of our common country ? 



98 ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 

A Government which cannot so order its affairs 
that all its citizens can be provided with business or 
labor at a remuneration which will furnish food, 
clothing, shelter, and fuel sufficient for comfort, and 
still leave plenty of time for rest, study, and amuse- 
ment, may be set down as a failure. 

But we should not attempt to cast all the blame of 
the shortcomings of the Government upon the shoul- 
ders of the rich, nor upon those who, at present, have 
the management and control of the Government. 
The fault is in a great measure our own. When our 
great prototype, the republic of Eome, was on the 
down grade to ruin on account of her lands and other 
property having been concentrated in the hands of 
the few; while the great mass of the people were lit- 
tle better than slaves, clamoring against their Govern- 
ment and to high Heaven for their daily bread, Casius, 
the great conspirator, is wont to say, "The fault is 
not in the gods, but in ourselves that we are under- 
lings." If such, indeed, was the case under a Govern- 
ment where the great mass of the people were kept 
in a state of the most profound ignorance and super- 
stition, and where they had little or no voice in the 
choice of their rulers, or influence in shaping the 
destinies of their country, how much more is it our 
fault, who are blessed with free schools and have the 
privilege of choosing nearly all the officers of our 
Government. The Government of Washington and 
Jefferson, which has been handed down to us by our 
forefathers, with its free schools, free press, and free 
ballot, is indeed the noblest and best Government 
that does now or ever did exist in this world; and if 
we are so base and cowardly ag to fail to maintain it 
in its integrity, and transmit it unsullied to posterity, 
we deserve to be slaves. 

Any man claiming to be an American, who is so 
devoid of patriotism, so lost to all sense of honor and 
shame, as to sell his vote, for any consideration, is en- 



ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 99 

tirely unworthy the proud title of American citizen, 
and should be disfranchised forever. 

Nearly all the evils that now seem to thicken 
around us and threaten us on every side can be rem- 
edied by a careful and proper use of the ballot, and 
without any necessary disturbance of the public 
peace and prosperity. If there are any provisions 
in 'the constitutions of our States or nation that 
stand in the way of our liberties, they can be altered 
or amended. If laws are enacted which are calcu- 
lated to do us an injustice or deprive us of any of our 
rights, they may be repealed and better laws enacted 
in their stead. If by any chance men are elected to 
office who prove themselves unworthy our confidence 
and esteem, we must drop them forever, and be care- 
ful in the future to elect better men. Any man who 
gets himself elected to office as a member of Congress 
or the Legislature of any State for the vile purpose 
of selling his vote and influence to the highest bidder, 
should, like a poisonous serpent, be crushed beneath 
the heel of every true American citizen. 

The principal source of corruption in the two old 
political parties originates in the primary elections. 
In these the better class of citizens seem to take very 
little or no interest, and seldom honor them with their 
presence; consequently the professional politician 
and his backer, the monopolist, have full play, and the 
judicious use of a little money goes a long way to- 
wards electing such delegates to the various conven- 
tions as will nominate the tools of monopoly to the 
various offices in the gift of the people; and when 
their names have once been placed on the ticket by a 
party convention, a little more money and the party 
lash is used to insure their election. The monopo- 
list does not care which party the candidate belongs 
to. The only requirement is that he should serve 
his master faithfully. 

The only remedy for all the evils herein enumer- 



100 ADDRESS TO WORKINGMEN. 

ated is for the people to unite, organize, and pull 
together. The Grand Army of Labor has been de- 
vised and instituted for that purpose. It is intended 
that at least one branch of this united and powerful 
organization should be established in every precinct 
in each State of the Union, and each congressional 
district is to be placed in charge of a district marshal, 
whose business it will be to organize new branches 
and attend to the discipline and order of all the 
branches within his district. 

These several branches of the Grand Army of La- 
bor are expected to elect their own delegates, hold 
their own conventions, nominate their own candi- 
dates, and elect them. And then if any of the offi- 
cers of the Government so elected should prove un- 
true to their trust, justice will be meted out to them 
with the whole force of a united and powerful or- 
ganization. In conclusion, the whole matter at issue 
is concentrated in one single word, and that word is, 
organize. 



PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION, 



"AjPftEKEAS, both of the old political parties have 
ML been captured, and securely bound, hand and foot, 
V ' by the great banking, railroad, and manufactur- 
ing corporations of the country, who have formed pow- 
erful combinations among themselves, and with each 
other, against the most vital and indispensable rights 
and interests of trade and labor (the only sure and 
sound foundation of our national wealth, prosperity, 
and happiness), and thereby threaten to overthrow 
and destroy the most sacred rights and liberties of 
the people of these United States, it has therefore 
become the highest and most solemn duty of 
each and all of us, who love liberty and the 
free institutions of our country, and truly rep- 
resent the sacred rights and interests of trade 
and labor, to cast off all allegiance to each of the 
old political parties, and promptly unite in forming a 
new political organization, by adopting, and pledging 
our lives and sacred honor to support, the fol- 
lowing 

CONSTITUTION. 

AETICLE I. 

NAME AND CHARACTER. 

This organization shall be known as the Grand 
Army of Labor, and shall be threefold in character, 
viz.: Social, Political, and Military; and its motto, 
Liberty, Unity, and Equality. 



102 PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION. 

AETIOLE II. 

ITS BRANCHES. 

Branches of the general organization shall be 
speedily and firmly established in every possible lo- 
cality, in each and every congressional district 
throughout the whole country, each of which shall 
be designated and numbered as follows: Branch 
No. — , — District, State of . 

ARTICLE III. 

DUTIES OF BRANCHES. 

Each branch shall meet at regular, stated periods, 
to elect its own officers, to receive new members, to 
discuss and vote upon all questions of interest which 
may properly be brought before it, and to elect del- 
egates to all county and district conventions. The 
regular official terms of the officers of each branch 
shall be one year, or until their successors are elected 
and qualified. 

ARTICLE IY. 

CONVENTIONS. 

Conventions shall be held in each congressional 
district, at least once in every two years, to nomi- 
nate candidates for Congress, to elect district mar- 
shals, and delegates to all State and national con- 
ventions. 

Section 2. County and State conventions shall 
be held as often, at least, as it shall be necessary to 
nominate county and State officers. 

Sec 3. National conventions shall be held at 
least once every four years, to nominate candidates 
for President and Vice-President of the United 
States; to amend or revise the constitution and gen- 
eral regulations of this organization, when necessary 
and proper; to elect a marshal general; to make pub- 
lic declarations of its plans and principles, and to 
transact other necessary and important business for 
the public good. 



PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION. 103 

AET1CLE V. 

MARSHALS. 

District and State marshals, and also one mar- 
shal-general for the United States, shall be elected 
by the district State and national conventions, re- 
spectively, each of whom shall appoint as many 
deputies as may be necessary for the labor required 
to be done. 

Section 2. It shall be the duty of each district 
marshal to organize new branches, supervise the dis- 
cipline of all the branches in his district, and install 
their officers. He shall also act as temporary chair- 
man at the organization of each district convention, 
and shall make a quarterly report to tne State mar- 
shal, giving a full and comprehensive account of his 
operations and success, with the whole number of 
branches in his district, and also the numerical 
strength of each branch. He shall hold his office 
during a term of two years, unless he shall sooner 
become disqualified, in which case his first deputy 
shall perform his duties. 

Sec. 3. The State marshal-general shall call all 
district and State conventions; establish new districts 
in his State, preside as temporary chairman at each 
State convention, and receive, condense, and trans- 
mit all official reports from the district marshals in 
his State to the marshal-general. His regular official 
term shall be three years. 

Sec 4. The marshal-general shall be the ac- 
knowledged head of the organization, and shall 
serve during a term of four years, unless sooner dis- 
qualified. He shall take great care that the organ- 
ization may be firmly established in every State and 
Territory of the Union, and that its officers perform 
their respective duties. He shall issue all necessary 
proclamations calling conventions, etc.; publish quar- 
terly reports in relation to the progress and strength 
of the organization in each State, and make such 



104 PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION. 

recommendations as he, in his wisdom, shall deem 
necessary and proper. He shall also preside as tem- 
porary chairman at the organization of each national 
convention, and transact all other business coming 
within his line of official duty. 

AETICLE VI. 

Trade or labor clubs, of whatever name and char- 
acter, shall be permitted (and they are hereby re- 
spectfully requested) to send delegates to all Grand 
Army of Labor Conventions, upon the same terms as 
other branches of the organization. 

AETICLE YII. 

This organization, upon assuming its military 
character, shall be guided and governed by the most 
approved " manual of arms," and the United States 
Articles of War. For purposes of drill, parade, or 
actual service, the marshal-general shall assume the 
title and perform the duties of a major-general of 
volunteer militia; each grand State marshal, that of 
a brigadier-general, and each district marshal, that of 
a colonel, and their deputies shall act as staff officers. 
All the officers of each branch shall assume the titles 
and duties of officers of a military company, in reg- 
ular order and rotation, from captain down to the 
eighth corporal. The district marshal, when ordered 
by his superior officers, shall designate some officer 
who is well acquainted with military tactics, to act 
as drill master of each branch in his district. 

AETICLE VIII. 

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND ACTION. 

Nothing in this constitution shall require any per- 
son to perform military duty contrary to his own in- 
dividual interests, or inclinations. Nor shall any 
member be censured or blamed for any opinion or 
vote he may give contrary to the supposed interests 



PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION. 105 

of this organization, unless it can be made to appear 
that he has been unduly influenced, or bribed, or is 
otherwise working in the interests and pay of the 
enemy. 

AETICLE IX. 

TRIALS AND PUNISHMENTS. 

In case that any member shall knowingly, and 
willfully, violate this constitution, or any of the 
laws or regulations of this organization, or shall in 
any way conduct himself in a disorderly or improper 
manner, any member may bring specific charges 
against him, which shall be presented to the proper 
officers of the branch of which he is a member, and 
upon such presentation, a committee of competent 
and impartial members shall be appointed to try the 
case, and present the testimony taken, in writing, to 
the branch, which shall take a vole upon it at the 
next regular meeting, to determine the guilt or inno- 
cence of the accused. And in case a majority of 
the members present find him guilty, he may be 
fined, reprimanded, or expelled, as the chief officer 
of the branch shall deem proper. Any officer of this 
organization may, in the same manner, be tried and 
impeached for bad conduct, or any misdemeanor in 
office, by any convention properly having jurisdic- 
tion in his case. 

AETICLE X. 

No millionaire, banker, usurer, railroad manager, 
stock broker,- corporation, lawyer, Chinaman, or any 
other person who is known, for any cause whatever, to 
be opposed to the principles, objects, and purposes of 
this association, shall ever become, or remain a mem- 
ber thereof. But all workingmen, mechanics, trades- 
men, operatives, producers, merchants, and all other 
persons who have arrived at the age of eighteen 
years, who are opposed to monopoly and oppression, 



106 PREAMBLE AND CONSTITUTION. 

and who are willing to cast their lot with us, and aid 
us with their counsels, their influence, and their votes, 
shall be eligible to membership. 

AETICLE XI. 

Section 1. The meetings and general business of 
each branch of this association shall be more or less 
secret, as may be deemed necessary for its welfare 
and preservation. 

Sec. 2. At any particular meeting of a branch 
under favorable circumstances, and when there is 
no business of a private nature to be transacted, a 
limited number of invitation cards, signed by the 
N. C.'s and N". V. C.'s, and countersigned by the N. 
E.'s, may be issued to parties (not members) who are 
known to be friendly to the cause, but in no other 
manner shall visitors who are not members be ad- 
mitted. 

Sec 3. Members of other branches may at any 
time be admitted by card, signed by the chief officers 
of the branches to which they belong. 

Sec. 4. When public lectures for the benefit of 
the association are given, the officers and members 
may appear in uniform, and occupy their regular 
places in the hall; but on such occasions no other 
business, except that pertaining to the lecture, shall 
be transacted. 

AETICLE XII. 

Money to defray the necessary expenses of this as- 
sociation may be raised by subscription, lectures, or 
social parties, but no regular system of weekly or 
monthly dues shall ever be established. 

AETICLE XIII. 

AMENDMENTS. 

This constitution and the general regulations for 
branches, shall not be revised, altered, or amended, 
except by a national convention, and a majority vote 
of two-thirds of all the branches. 



GENERAL REGULATIONS. 



Article 1. 
ACK and eve^ branch of this association shall, 
at the time of its organization, and at its last 
regular meeting before the 22d day of February 
of each year, ever after, elect one of each of the fol- 
lowing officers, who shall be installed at the next 
regular meeting, and serve during a term of one 
year, or, until their successors are duly installed, viz., 
Noble Chief, Noble Vice-Chief, Noble Eecorder, 
Noble Corresponding Secretary, Noble Financier, 
Noble Treasurer, Noble Marshal, Noble Yice-Mar- 
shal, Noble Guardian, and Noble First, Second, Third, 
and Fourth Sentinels; and as soon as convenient, 
after installation, the N. C. shall appoint a Noble 
Ex-Chief, Worthy Chaplain, Worthy Musician, Wor- 
thy Room Warden, and four Pages. 

Article 2. 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the N. C. to 
preside at all meetings of his branch, preserve order, 
and enforce the laws thereof; send for absent officers 
or members whenever he or the branch may think 
it necessary and proper; announce, or cause to be 
read by the N. R., all questions and resolutions before 
the branch for discussion; call for the yea and nay, 
when required by the branch; give the casting vote 
in case of a tie, and perform all other acts and duties 
u-ually belonging to a presiding officer. 

Sec. 2. The N. V. C. shall have the especial charge 
of the admi^ion of members and visitors at each 
regular meeting; supervise and direct the conduct of 



108 GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

the N. Gr. and Sentinel; and, in case of the absence 
of the N. C, he shall preside in his stead. 

Sec. 3. The N. R. shall keep, in a Book of Eec- 
ords, a just and true account of the proceedings of 
each meeting; read before the branch all resolutions 
proposed for discussion, when requested by the "N. C; 
record in a book, kept for that purpose, all resolu- 
tions of a public and general character, which have 
been approved by the branch, and procure the signa- 
ture of the N. C. thereto, and attest the same with 
the place and date of approval. He shall read his 
reports at the commencement of each regular meet- 
ing. 

Sec 4. The N". C. S. shall, when requested by the 
N. C or the branch, write and transmit all reports, 
orders, or other official documents, to other branches, 
or to the superior officers of the organization. He 
shall' also receive, read before the branch, answer, as 
directed by the branch or 1ST. C, and preserve on file 
all the correspondence or official documents ad- 
dressed through him to the branch. 

Sec 5. It shall be the duty of the N. P. to receive 
or colK ct all moneys due the branch from its mem- 
bers or other persons, and immediately hand the 
same over to the 1ST. T., taking his receipt therefor. 
He shall keep a cash book, in which shall be entered 
each and every sum received, when and from whom 
received; and all receipts from the N. T. shall be 
written on alternate pages, opposite the accounts, 
and signed by that officer. 

Sec 6. The N. T. shall receive all moneys and other 
valuables collected by the N. F., and belonging to 
the branch, and safely keep the same, subject only 
to warrants or orders drawn on him by the branch, 
signed by the N. C. and attested by the N. E. He 
shall also keep a cash book, on opposite pages of 
whicli shall be kept a full and complete account of 
all receipts and disbursements, in such a manner as 



GENERAL REGULATIONS. 109 

to enable him to report at the close of each meeting 
the amount received, the amount expended, and the 
amount remaining on hand. 

Sec. 7. The N. M. shall be master of ceremonies, 
and shall have a care that all movements of the offi- 
cers and members of the branch are conducted with 
proper discipline and decorum; also that the room is 
kept in order and properly lighted, and that all 
officers are in their proper places, and that all mem- 
bers and visitors are properly seated, and clothed in 
appropriate uniform or regalia. 

Sec. 8. The N. V. M. shall act under the direction 
of the N. M. and assist him in the performance of 
his duties and, in case of his absence, ho shall act in 
his stead. 

Sec 9. The N. G. shall keep the inner door and 
permit none to enter who do not possess the proper 
qualifications, except by express command of the N. 
V. C. orN. C. 

Sec. 10. The Noble Sentinels shall guard the outer 
door, and may relieve each other every half hour, 
and they shall go to each other's assistance when 
ordered by the K. V. C. or N. C. 

Sec 11. The N. E. C. shall be chosen from among 
those who have served as N. C, when any such be- 
long to the branch. He shall have no authority, 
but occupy an honorable position, and his counsels 
shall be listened to, and considered with profound 
respect. 

Sec 12. The W. C. shall be a clergyman, deacon, 
or other religious person, and may read a short pas- 
sage of Scripture, at the commencement of each 
meeting, and, when requested by the N. C, may close 
with a prayer or a benediction. 

Sec 13. The W. M. shall lead the vocal or instru- 
mental music of the branch, and should always be 
selected with a view to his proper qualifications for 
the position. 



110 GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

Sec. 14. The W. E. W. shall have charge of the 
room and furniture, and keep everything in order 
and safety. He shall have everything in readiness 
at least fifteen minutes before the hour of meeting, 
and subject to the inspection and approval of the 
N. M. 

Sec. 15. The Pages shall occupy a seat in front of 
the N. C. and may at any time be sent by him in 
quest of absent officers or members, or upon any 
other business of the branch outside or inside of the 
room. They should always be selected from among 
the youngest and most active of the members. 

Article 3. 
'In this association there shall be three Primary 
Degrees, and for each Primary Degree, there shall 
be three Secondary Degrees. These Degrees shall 
not be received by any member in less time than 
three months from each other. 
Article 4. 

Section 1. The uniform or regalia of this associa- 
tion shall be a scarf placed over the left shoulder, 
thence crossing at the right side, and around the 
waist, and fastened at the left side; the ends, with 
tassels of red, white, and blue, hanging down as low 
as the knee. 

Sec. 2. The scarf worn by members of the first 
Primary Degree, shall be red: of the Second, white; 
of the Third, blue or purple. And to designate each 
Secondary Degree, a rosette shall be attached to the 
scarf, commencing at a point where it crosses the 
left breast, ranging from the heart upward; first, 
red; second, white; and third, blue. 

Sec. 3. The insignia of office shall be a star about 
three inches in diameter from point to point, attached 
to the scarf directly over the heart. For the First 
Primary Degree, the star should be made of brass; 
for the Second, of silver; and for the Third, of gold. 



GENERAL REGULATIONS. Ill 

Each official star shall have an appropriate design 
emblematic of each office respectively, engraved or 
impressed upon it. 

Article 5. 

When any branch has been in active operation 
during the full term of one year, no person shall be 
eligible to the office of N. V. C. or N. E. who has not 
taken the first three Secondary Degrees; nor to the 
office of N. C, unless he has taken the said Degrees, 
and served a full term as N. V. C. or N. E. 

Article 6. 

Each and every person on being admitted as a 
member of any branch of this association, shall pay 
into the treasury thereof the sum of two dollars; 
and for each degree when taken, two dollars. 




OUR LABOR SYSTEM. 



fflHE labor system of the United States, if founded 
| upon just and true principles, and directed with 
^ wisdom and prudent care by the Government, 
will in time become the sure foundation of great and 
uninterrupted national prosperity. 

The laborer is, and of right ought to be, as great 
a factor in the government of the country as the 
capitalist or office-holder; and hence the necessity 
that he- should have a thorough education, and that, 
in his maturer years, he should not be overburdened 
with work, and should have an abundance of time 
and opportunity to glean information from books 
and papers, so as to thoroughly understand the his- 
tory of the world, the science- of government, the 
character and importance of our free institutions, 
and also the necessity of placing good and true men 
in every position of trust and power. 

If it has ever been necessary for laboring men to 
work ten or twelve hours each day (which I do not 
believe has ever been the case), the great inventors 
of the present age, by the improvement, introduc- 
tion, and use of labor-saving machinery, have obvi- 
ated that necessity. And laboring men, having done 
their full share towards making all these improve- 
ments, are therefore justly entitled to their full 
share of the benefits to be derived from their use. 

It is not enough that laws should be enacted, hav- 
ing for their object the reduction of the time consti- 
tuting a lawful day's labor; but laboring men them- 
selves must see that these laws are strictly and im- 
partially enforced, until they shall become the 



OUR LABOR SYSTEM. 113 

established rule and custom in every section of the 
country, and in every branch of labor throughout 
the land, and all that without any very considerable 
reduction of the rates of pay. And yet we must not 
lose sight of the fact that the price of labor will 
always be governed more or less by the universal 
law of supply and demand, and the sooner this great 
law is more generally understood and acknowledged, 
the better it will be for all. 

If laboring men were more particular about get- 
ting employment where the pay is known to be 
good, and less so in regard to the amount of their 
pay, they would, in the end, be the gainers, as they 
would run less risk of being swindled out of their 
hard-earned money, and also less likely to be thrown 
out of employment, and the employer and the em- 
ploye would alike be mutually benefited. 

When a man is out of employment, his expenses 
are generally much greater than when at work. 
Hence it is not the man who can command the high- 
est wages, but he who works the most steady, and 
spends the least, who saves the most money. 

JSTo man should, under any circumstances, be re- 
quired, or submit, to work more than eight hours in 
the twenty-four, and even that time should be 
divided into two shifts of four hours eacb. If the 
work is continuous, day and night, the men should 
be divided into three "reliefs," the first "relief" to 
work from eight o'clock to twelve, the second from 
twelve to four, and the third from four to eight. 
Day laborers may work from eight o'clock to twelve, 
and from two to six. By this plan all may have 
their regular meals and regular sleep, and plenty of 
time for study and amusement. 

Our labor system has been derived, to a great ex- 
tent, from the old "feudal system" in England. The 
conquerors enslaved the original owners of the soil, 
and compelled them to perform all the labor, while 



114 OUR LABOR SYSTEM. 

their self-constituted masters derived nearly all the 
benefits, and great care was taken to get the greatest 
possible amount of work done for the least possible 
amount of pay. The laborer was forced to work 
from daylight until dark for the most scanty means 
of subsistence, and if sickness or misfortune over- 
took him he and those dependent upon him for 
support frequently had to suffer for the bare necessa- 
ries of life, while their cruel and almost inhuman 
oppressors fared sumptuously every day, and reveled 
in luxury and ease. 

The same unjust and tyrannical labor system still 
exists to a greater or less extent in England, and 
with some slight modifications has been transmitted 
to our shores. This system is nearly all wrong. 
The laborer has the first and strongest claim to the 
products of his own labor, and all such as seek to 
evade the stern decree that "man must earn his 
bread by the sweat of his brow," should be content 
with what is left after the wants, necessities, and 
comforts of the laborer and producer have been fully 
and bountifully supplied. 

It is estimated that about seventy per cent of the 
population of. our country are producers. This avo- 
cation in all its various branches necessitates a vast 
amount of hard labor in the sun, and is the most 
useful as well as the most laborious known to the 
human race. But it is the sure foundation upon 
which all other avocations, and every other source of 
human prosperity and happiness, is built. .Remove 
the producer, and the occupation of the mechanic, 
the manufacturer, and the merchant would be gone 
at once; the majority of the human race would at 
once perish for want of food and clothing, and the 
remainder relapse into the most abject barbarism. 
Hence the wisdom and necessity that everything 
possible should be done to encourage the producer in 
his arduous labors, and make his task easy as pos- 
ible. 



OUR LABOR SYSTEM. 115 

Many and very important improvements have re- 
cently been made in agricultural machinery, and 
many more improvements are every year being 
brought into use. Yet laboring men are still re- 
quired to toil in the hot sun in summer ten, twelve, 
or even fourteen hours each day for less pay than 
can bo obtained in almost any other avocation. This 
should not be. The task of the producer can and 
should be made more easy and agreeable, his hours 
of daily labor be shortened, his toil made as pleasant 
as possible, and he (though he may be a stranger 
and a tramp) should be surrounded with all the 
endearing comforts and pleasures of a home. A 
bath and change of clothing should be ready for him 
at the close of each dusty and hot day's work, and 
he should also bo provided with a clean and comfort- 
able bed, and plenty of books, periodicals, and pa- 
pers to read during his leisure hours. 

Although the proper age of man may be put down 
at one hundred years, yet a very large proportion 
fail to reach even one-half that number. Many die 
comparatively young from habits of intemperance 
and overwork, and others from intemperance and 
the want of sufficient manly exercise to keep the 
system in healthy working order. The latter class 
seem to have taken firm hold of the fallacious idea 
that it is the tip- top of human excellence and bles- 
sedness to live entirely without labor of any kind, 
either physical or mental. And these idle, worth- 
less creatures have long tried to monopolize the hon- 
ored name of ladies and gentlemen, and to set them- 
selves above the laboring classes. Let others think 
as they may, 1 can see nothing to prevent a true 
gentleman from being a laboring man, or a laboring 
man from being a true gentleman. Soft white hands 
and fine clothes are no indications of a true gentle- 
man; nor is she who labors to manufacture fine silk, 
or make fine dresses, less a lady, other things being 



116 OUR LABOR S YS TEM. 

equal, than she who wears them. Fine clothes and 
idle habits never yet made a true lady or gentleman, 
and it would be far better for all if those who call 
themselves ladies and gentlemen would work more 
and the laboring classes less, and thus meet each 
other about half way, on common ground, and work 
together for the good of all. Capital and labor 
should be made equal partners, and share alike the 
profits of their enterprise and toil. By this means 
our pleasures and comforts would be increased, our 
health ensured, and our lives prolonged. The liber- 
ties and free institutions of our country would be 
preserved, the greatest good to the greatest number 
be sec ired, and the comfort and happiness of all the 
people of the whole nation be increased and perpet- 
uated through all coming time. 

In order to consummate these great and most im- 
portant purposes, we must make earnest and con- 
stant appeals to the powers of association, the press, 
and the ballot-box. 



HOURS OF LABOR. 



IF all would work three hours. each day, 
We could live well indeed, 
And always have the cash to pay 
For everything we need. 

If half of us would work six hours, 

We would have plenty then 
To keep each idle friend of ours, 

And still have cash to lend. 

Eight hours each day is quite enough 

For any man to work; 
Ten hours each day is rather tough — 

Most ten-hour men will shirk. 

Eight hours to work and eight to sleep, 

Eight to improve the mind — 
All who this golden rule do keep 

Will health and comfort find. 



OUR EAGLE FLAG. 



EMBLEM of liberty and love, 
All hail to thee, old glory ! 
Thy stars were sent thee from above, 
Thy stripes are from Aurora. 



The eagle bold that soars to heaven, 
And scans the solar powers, 

His prowess to our flag has given, 
The victory is ours. 

When freedom's fight had just begun 

And liberty was young, 
The eagle soared o'er Washington, 

And round his banners hung. 
The eagle bold, &c. 



118 THE WONDERS OF YO SEMITE. 

When slavery reared his hydra head 

And threatened liberty, 
Our eagle flag to conquest led, 

Till every slave was free. 

The eagle bold, &c. 

But now the giant Polypus 

Of leagued monopoly 
Has got his thousand claws on us, 

And we no more are free. 

The eagle bold, &c. 

Arise, ye knights of liberty, 

And put your armor on; 
If you would once again be free, 

The battle must be won. 

The eagle bold, &c. 

Ye men of honor and renown. 
Who can't be bought for gold, 

Raze mammon's temple to the ground, 
Like Solomon's of old. 

The eagle bold, &c. 

Ye veterans of former wars, 

Who fought for liberty, 
Ye brave and war-worn sons of Mars, 

Down with monopoly. 

The eagle bold, &c. 



THE WONDERS OF YOSEMITE.* 



' TTT IS well that all should come and see 

I These peerless scenes of boundless worth, 

The wonders of Yosemite, 
The grandest scenery of earth. . 

In summer lay your cares aside, 

If mental exercise you n^ed; 
The book of Nature opens wide, 

And all who choose may freely read. 

The mountain air is pure and cool, 
The water-falls are grand and high, 

The proud domes rise from crystal pool 
And seem to pierce the azure sky. 



^Yosemite Valley, 4,050 feet above the sea. 



THE WONDERS OF YOSEMITE. 119 

The speckled trout in festive play 

Dart through the limpid water cold; 
At sight of man they hide away, 

And thus elude the fisher bold. 



Come in the morning's lovely dawn 
And take a sail on Mirror Lake, 

Before the sun has shone upon, 
Or winds its placid waters shake. 

Majestic domes* on either side, 

Their tall forms decked with living green; 
Each stands erect with regal pride, 

King of the vale and goddess, cpieen. 

Long may they reign as sovereigns still; 

No wars can their firm footing shake; 
The elements obey their will; 

Their photographs adorn the lake. 



Come close beneath these lofty fallst 
And hear the mammoth grizzly roar; 

The sound the human ear appalls 
Like surf upon a rocky shore. 

Down, down the crystal waters leap, 
Until they reach about half way; 

They dash on precipices steep, 

And mostly beat themselves to spray. 

If you are strong and wish to see 

The source from whence these waters leap, 

Go get your lunch and come with me, 
While we ascend the mountain steep. 

As we toil up the northern wall, 
We pause to view the other side, 

Where we behold the Vernal Falls 
And high Nevada's foaming tide. 

The river plows beneath our feet; 

Bold Glacier Point is just abreast; 
Proud Star King's snow-capped crest we greet, 

And dizzy height of grand Cloud's Rest. 



■South Dome, 5,000 feet above the valley; North Dome, 3,725 feet above 
the valley. 
tYosemite Falls, 2,624 feet above the valley. 



120 THE WONDERS OF YO SEMITE. 

Mount your good horse and come with me 
To see Nevada's wondrous falls, 

And other scenes so far away 

'Twill take two days to see them all. 

As up the mountain trail we go, 

We pass the beauteous Vernal Falls* 

Before we reach the house of Snow, 
Where we must be when dinner calls. 

We must not pass this lovely place 
Till down the falls we take a peep. 

Swift Merced runs with matchless grace, 
And o'er ths brink she takes a leap 

Three hundred feet and fifty more, 
Down to the boiling caves below. 

Her gems she flings from shore to shore, 
As, plunging headlong, down she goes. 

A stairway takes us to the foot, 

Where we may see the crystal cave, 

And get our share of gems, to boot, 

Fresh from the plunging, surging wave. 



Nevadaf we have reached at last, 
And stand before the mighty falls; 

Merced runs furious and fast, 

And leaps down from her lofty walls 

Her magic charms are all displayed; 

We hear the music of her voice; 
Her grandeur makes us%alf afraid; 

'Mid fear and wonder we are lost. 



River of Mercy, yet how long 

Will downward plunge thy restless flood; 
How long will sound thy happy song, 

Sweet Nature's tribute to her God? 

A few short years, and they who now 
Adore thy beauty and thy grace, 

Will to the land of spirits go, 

And other men will take their place. 



* Vernal Falls, 350 feet high. 
t Nevada Falls, 700 feet high. 



THE WONDERS OF YOSEMITE. 121 

But thou, ten thousand years or more, 
Will move in thine accustomed place, 

And o'er thy granite Avails will pour 
Thy crystal floods with youthful grace. 

Wise men will come from the far East, 

And scholars from the frozen North 
Will lay their honors at thy feet, 

And praise thy beauty and thy worth. 

Pilgrims to thee will never cease, 

Of every race, from every shore; 
Their numbers will each year increase, 

Till time and tide shall be no more. 

Now for the highest peak in sight,* 

From which to take a distant view; 
To reach its top requires some might, 

And tries both men and horses, too. 

Ten thousand feet and more above 

The ocean's solitary waste; 
With modest haste we upward move, 

Until we reach its lofty crest. 

A clear, blue sky above our heads, 
Slight, fleecy clouds beneath our feet; 

Below we see the valley's bed, 

And far away vast snow-clad peaks. 

Mt. Dana looms high in the north; 

Mt. Star King occupies the west; 
Beyond a group of minor worth; 

Southeast Mt. Whitney rears his crest. 

The last, the loftiest on the coast, 
Full fifteen thousand feet in height, 

Should bear a name it well might boast; 
To change it still would be but right. 

Brave Clai ence King, well known to fame, 
Explored these peaks and took their height; 

The highest should have borne his name — 
To do and dare was his delight. 



Now let us take a pleasant trail 

That leads us down the valley green, 

To see the lovely Bridal Veil,+ 
By far the fairest falls we've seen. 



* Cloud's Rest, 6,150 feet above the valley. 
tBridal Veil Falls, 940 feet high. 
9 



122 THE WONDERS OF YOSEMITE. 

We see the veil, but not the bride, 
It covers her from head to foot; 

Beneath its folds she seems to hide, 
Nor can we see her wedding suit. 

lovely bride, where is thy groom? 

Show us the favored, happy man. 
Is it the man high in the moon, 

Or warrior chief El Capitan ? 

Most charming bride, remove thy veil 
That we may see thy blushing face, 

And gleaming eyes that never fail 

To flash at thoughts of nuptial bliss. . 

Why is it thou art here alone, 

Chained to the solid granite rock ? 

Is thy great lover's heart of stone, 
So hard he will not let thee talk ? 

Will not thy lover rescue thee 

From endless bondage and from chains ? 

Thine ever-faithful friend to be, 

Where peace and love and honor reigns. 

If thou no more wilt show thy face, 
Or yield* to love's caresses never, 

No husband shall thy form embrace. 
Farewell, sweet bride, farewell forever. 



To Glacier Point* now let us climb 
And take the wonders in review, 

And Eagle Point, if we have time, 
But to shun both will never do. 



Take a good horse that will not fail 
As we go up the mountain-side; 

We have a winding, zigzag trad, 
But very good and safe to ride. 

Higher and higher we ascend 

At each succeeding turn we make, 

Until we reach the house of Glenn, 
Where a most welcome lunch we take. 



Glacier Point, 3,200 feet above the valley. 



THE WONDERS OF YO SEMITE. 123 

Let us approach the mighty wall, 

And take a cautious look below. 
Great God ! if we should slip and fall, 

Three thousand feet down we would go. 

A girl stepped out upon the rock, 

And stooped to see the fearful sight. 
This gave each one a nervous shock, 

And paralyzed her friends with fright. 

A lady in the vale below 

Appears no larger than a doll. 
Where else on this earth could we go 

To rind so high and vast a wall ? 

Here we behold Yosemite 

In all her native grace and power; 
The water dashing into spray 

Shows lovely rainbows in the shower. 

Nevada at a distance, too, 

And lovely Vernal Falls arc seen; 
Of all the falls in this grand show, 

Nevada is the honored queen. 

Some falls we do not even name. 

This is not altogether right, 
But as our muse is getting lame 

On falls, we bid them all good- night. 

El Oapitan* stands forth alone 

Like a brave chieftain in command. 
Each crag and cliff his prowess owns, 

And, as a guard, around him stand. 

He is the captain of the guard; 

His guardsmen all are on the watch. 
His sentinels have duties hard 

As clansmen of tli3 Highland Scotts. 

All the great wonders of the vale 

Are objects of his special care; 
Likewise each pleasant grove and dale— 

His watchful eye is everywhere. 

Now let each resident beware, 

And never do a stranger wrong; 
If so, they might as well prepare 

To fall into his clutches strong. 



f El Capitan , 3,300 feet above the valley. 



124 THE WONDERS OF Y08EMITE. 

Let all be careful what they do, 
And to no vandal deeds resort. 

Each tourist he is watching, too, 
And each one's conduct will report. 



Ye men of science, can ye tell 

What made these walls so grand and high ? 
Was it great heat as fierce as h — 1 

That caused the earth to open wide? 

Did great Jehovah show his wrath 

Through tempest, earthquake, fire, and flood, 
Which heaved the mountains, rent the earth, 

'Mid thunder from the throne of God ? 

Or did the mountains always stand 

Co-equal with the earth itself, 
And when soft rocks were washed, as sand, 

Left peaks and valleys, crags, and cliffs? 

If falls commenced far down below, 

There were no need of earthq uake shocks . 

The river by its constant flow 

Would plow a channel through the rocks. 

The walls, when soft, would tumble in 

And wash away by rushing tide; 
The yielding walls would cave again, 

Thus form a valley deep and wide. 

Each year the mountains are less high, 

The mighty ocean bed less deep; 
The waters, as they murmur by, 

Their everlasting vigils keep. 

Freighted with earth from far above, 
Streams onward to the ocean flow, 

And thus each year a share remove, 
The process very sure, yet slow. 

The Merced River rushes down 

From mountains clad in robes of snow, 

And through the valley hurries on 
To heated plains far clown below. 

Forever beautiful and clear, 

Except when swelled by snow or rain, 
Her softer walls in slopes appear, 

Hard walls as monuments remain. 



THE GREAT REBELLION. 125 

Some sights far distant we have seen, 

Great fields of never-melting snow; 
Grand rapids swift, vast forests green, 

But time is pressing, and we go. 

Reclining in Nevada's arms, 

Arrayed in robes of living green, 
Yosemite displays her charms, 

With all the grandeur of a queen. 

We now are cpaite prepared to leave 

With abler pens the tale to tell. 
O'er their success we will not grieve. 

Scenes of the valley, all farewell. 



THE GREAT REBELLION AND GEN. U. S. 
GRANT. 



WHEN Davis led the South to war, 
And rebel cannon roared, 
On Sumpter Fort, near Charleston Bar, 
Their iron missiles poured. 

A message over the wire speeds, 
Well charged with war's alarms, 

Which tells the tale of rebel deeds, 
And calls the North to arms. 

'Twas thus the spirit of the North 

Was thoroughly aroused. 
All party strife was then forgot, 

Likewise domestic vows. 

The husband and the lover, too, 

The father and the son, 
No more their labors could pursue; 

Each siezed a sword or gun, 

And when a call for troops was made 

By our good President, 
They rushed to "join the grand parade" — 

To fight was their intent, 



126 THE GREAT REBELLION. 

So ne scarce had time to visit; home 
To bid their friends good-bye; 

Their wives and sweethearts, left alone, 
Were far too brave to cry. 

'Twas thus the freemen of the North 
In warlike legions formed. 

Armed and equipped they sallied forth, 
Nor cared for sun and storms. 

On such their country could rely. 

Their hearts were true and brave; 
Though some did for their country die, 

They did their country save. 

Their first care was for Washington, 

Our much loved capital, 
That it should not by rebel guns 

Or rebel intrigue fall. 

W:iile the drilled legions of the East 
Marched down through Baltimore, 

The yeomen of the great Northwest 
Sought Mississippi's shore. 

These Western men in language true, 

Yet forcible and rough, 
Swore they would force a passage through 

From Cairo to the Gulf. 

The stars and stripes again should float 

On Mississippi's waves, 
And all who dared our flag insult 

Should sleep in rebel graves. 

Now for a leader true and bold; 

Though Scott was ever true, 
Yet he had grown so very old 

The task he could not do. 

McDowell first took the command, 
But he was quite too young. 

His troops before the rebels ran 
At the battle of Bull Run. 

McClellan next stepped proudly forth 
And took the chief command, 

And the brave soldiers of the North 
Thought him the coming man. 



THE GREAT REBELLION. 127 

He drilled the troops, and did observe 

Their discipline with pride, 
And every day, with steady nerve, 

Along the lines did ride. 

He thus equipped an '•' army grand," 

One hundred thousand strong, 
Yet did not long this force command — 

Some thought he suffered wrong , 

His orders were: " To Richmond, go." 

This called for no reply, 
For soldiers have no choice, you know; 

' ' 'Tis theirs to do and die. " 

At last he marched and met the foe; 

The foe he did defeat, 
Yet did not "on to Richmond go," 

But ordered a retreat. 

All this our honest President 

Could scarcely understand. 
He asked McClellan to resign, 

And sought another man. 

Then Pope and Burnside, Hooker, three, 

Each tried the chief command, 
But rebel forces, under Lee, 

Were more than they could stand. 

Next the command devolved on Meade, 

A man of well-known worth. 
Of leaders much we stood in need, 

For Lee was marching North. 

Meade met the foe at Gettysburg, 

On Pennsylvania's soil, 
And after two days' bloody fight, 

Made him give up his spoils, 

And leave the field with fearful waste, 

And hastily march South; 
But General Meade was not in haste • 

To follow up the route. 

While these things happened in the East 

Near the Potomac shore, 
The hardy soldiers of the West 

Were moving on with power, 



128 THE GREAT REBELLION. 

Four mighty armies had been raised, 
And marched on Dixie's soil, 

Sometimes advancing in hot haste 
To then again recoil. 

Yet one brave chieftain of the West 

Held steady on his course, 
And neither turned to right or left 

For any hostile force. 

He meant his duty to perform, 

Not heeding rebel rant, 
But onward marched through fire and storm. 

This herd's name was Grant. 

Fort Henry first he overthrew, 
Then stormed Fort Donaldson, 

And on the plains of Shiloh, too, 
A hard-fought battle won. 

He then laid siege to Vicksburg Town, 
And captured that stronghold; 

Thus swept the Mississippi down 
With Western heroes bold. 

He then to Chattanooga went 

To rescue Kosecrans. 
The fight that followed that event 

Did freedom's cause advance. 

Sherman here took the foe in hand — 

Giant went to Washington. 
He was appointed to command 

Our armies all as one. 

With Meade as second in command, 

Again Grant took the field 
Against the orce of General Lee. 

Noiv one of two must yield. 

The two great captains of the war 

At last must meet in fight; 
The contest deepens; never fear; 

God will defend the right. 

They first met at the Wilderness 

In sanguiuary fights. 
Their hosts did on each other press 

Three fearful days and nights , 



THE GREAT REBELLION. 129 

And though the bodies of the slain 

By thousands strewed the field, 
Yet neither Grant or Lee could gain, 

Nor any ground would yield. 

But Grant then inarched around the plain 

To circumvent the foe, 
And Lee, beforg his rear was gained, 

Quite readily did go. 

The rebels had the hills entrenched 

Along their army's track; 
As from their grasp each fort was wrenched, 

To others they fell back. 

At Spotsylvania next they met, 

And made the firm hills shake; 
A thousand guns with shot and shell 

Each other's ranks did rake. 

There is no terror for the brave; 

Each army held its ground, 
Till Grant, to further slaughter save, 

Again by flank marched round. 

When at Cove Harbor, castled town, 

Again Le t e offered fight, 
Which lasted from the early dawn 

Until the dead of night. 

But Grant here failed to take their works, 

And lost a host of men, 
So marched around these warlike Turks 

For Richmond, on again. 

Grant to Bermuda Hundreds went, 

A little off his route. 
Lee had Ben Butler closely pent; 

Grant went to let him out. 

He then invested Petersburg 

With all its rebel crew, 
And, soon as he had men enough, 

Invested Bichmond, too. 

The struggle here was long and hard, 

And lasted winter through; 
It took so many men to guard 

Each rebel avenue. 



130 THE GREA T REBELLION. 

The rebel works were very strong, 
And mounted well with guns. 

To take these works by siege or storm 
Was anything but fun. 

But when spring-time had come at last, 
And Grant was well prepared, 

He forced some of the .strongest works 
The enemy had reared. 

And Sheridan in open fight 
Lee's cavalry had whipped; 

'Tis said when Davis saw the sight, 
" He raised his voice and wept." 

Lee could no longer hold the forts, 

So quickly did retreat; 
Davis to the same course resorts, 

But they no more did meet. 

Davis was shortly after caught 
" Way down in Tennessee," 

While Sheridan, to fury wrought, 
Hard pressed the flanks of Lee. 

But Lee, retreating, bravely fought, 
And captured would not be. 

Till Sheridan his way had blocked 
With dauntless cavalry. 

And Grant, with ecpial vigor pressed 

So hard upon his rear 
That terms, which gave both armies rest, 

He did consent to hear. 

Their rifles, swords, and cannon, all 
Were stacked upon the ground; 

All rebel soldiers within call 
To keep the peace were bound. 

Brave comrades parted with regret; 
Proud Lee did sadly feel 
" He had at last a foeman met 
Well worthy of his steel." 

" Take back your sword," says Grant to Lee, 
" No braver can it wield; 
Go with your men and horses free; 
I will your honor shield- 



THE GEE A T REBELLION. 131 

' Let all your swords to plowshares turn, 

Your horses plow the ground, 
And, as your daily bread you earn, 

May peace and joy abound." 

God bless the men who bravely fought 

Our Union to restore, 
And who restored our country's flag, 

To wave from shore to shore. 

And to the "bravest of the brave," 

Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, 
May grateful States accord their praise, 

Until the doom of man. 

God grant wo may be kind to all 

Who joined the Union camps, 
All who obeyed their country's call, 

From leaders down to tramps, 

And ne'er forget the men who died 

To free our land from slaves, 
But every year, with grateful pride, 

Strew flowers o'er their graves. 

But, above all, praise God who keeps 

Our country in his care, 
And ever guides her wayward fejt, 

Whether in peace or war. 

And if -a leader or a yuide 

She needs from Heaven sent, 
He ever will, as now, provide 

A Lincoln or a Grant. 



THE MEN OF FORTY-NINE. 



PART I. 



WHEN" gold was first discovered 
In California sand, 
There came a rush of emigrants 
From almost every land. 
Through each State in the Union, 

And sister Mexico, 
Was heard the echo, trumpet-toned, 
For California, ho! 

The noblest race that ever graced 

The human form divine 
Were early Californians, 

The men of forty-nine . 

They came from the British Islands 

And valley of the Rhine, 
The mountain lands of Switzerland, 

And Italy's fair clime, 
From the frozen plains of Russia 

And Sweden's rocky shore, 
And rushed to California, 

In search of golden ore. 

The noblest race, &c . 

Some sailed over the mighty deep, 

Some came across the plains, 
All men of giant enterprise, 

And some with giant brains; 
No matter of what country, or 

Religion, language, clime, 
They all alike were welcome then 

To labor in the mines. 

The noblest race, &c< 



THE MEN OF FORTY-NINE. 133 

They came to Sacramento first, 

Then scattered through the mines, 
And, though they had no government, 

All were to peace inclined; 
They met in every mining camp 

For to enact their laws, 
And, as there were no lawyers then, 

Each pleaded his own cause. 

The no lest race, &c. 

There were no thieves or robbers then, 

No need of lock and key. 
The man that took another's goods 

Was hanged upon a tree. 
And to decide each other's rights 

They met in council grave; 
Then each would see the law enforced 

With steady hand and brave. 

The noblest race, <fcc. 

No taxes were required then 

To tempt official pelf, 
And all the gold-dust that was saved 

Was laid upon a shelf, 
For every one had kindly thoughts 

Of wife or sweetheart dear, 
And only thought a year or two 

For to remain out here. 

The noblest race, &c. 

But, oh! how changed is everything 

Since that eventful year. 
Where are the men of forty-nine, 

And those they held most dear ? 
Many now sleep beneath the sands 

On California's breast, 
And some at home or foreign lands 

Have found eternal rest. 

The noblest race, &c. 

Others still live and love to tell 

Of joys and dangers past, 
Of mammoth strikes, and brave men's deeds, 

Too noble far to last. 
Some, having fortunes long since made, 

To live at ease incline; 
Others still labor as of yore 

In eighteen forty-nine. 

The noblest race, &c. 



134 THE MEN OF FORTY-NINE. 

A young and gentler race have come, 

And spread o'er hill and dale, 
And now will each one lend an ear, 

And listen to my tale. 
Though rooted in the soil as firm 

As mountain oak or pine, 
May God forbid they should forget 

The men of forty-nine. 

The noblest race that ever graced 
The human form divine, 

God bless the Californians, 
The men of forty -nine. 

PART' II. 

From Asia's distant coast there came, 

Attracted by the mines, 
A dwarfish, servile race with cues 

That reached the ground behind. 
They mingled not with other men, 

Nor seemed the least refined. 
In all respects, they differed from 

The men of forty-nine. 

The meanest race that e'er disgraced 
The human form divine, 

Were dirty, thieving Chinamen, 
Who came in forty-nine. 

The men were all by nature thieves, 

Their women worse than brutes; 
They had a conclave all then' own 

To settle their disputes. 
They classed as wild barbarians 

The men of forty-nine, 
And thought to violate their laws 

Could scarcely be a crime. 

The meanest race, &c. 

Full thirty years this race have cursed 

This land of wheat and gold, 
Our courts employed, our prisons filled 

As full as they could hold. 
They have no children to support, 

And none to educate, 
And all who work for the same pay 

Must share with them their fate. 
The meanest race, &c. 



THE MEN OF FORTY-NINE. 135 

They claim no home among our race; 

They do not come to stay, 
And even those who chance to die 

Are boxed and sent away. 
They have no feeling for the land 

Which they have helped to spoil, 
Nor even leave their carcasses 

To fertilize the soil. 

The meanest race, &c. 

Their filth the worst contagion breeds 

That mankind ever knew; 
Whether in cities or on plains 

They are a filthy crew. 
Their houses, if such filthy holes 

Even deserve the name, 
Often through carelessness take fire, 

And set our towns in flame. 

The meanest race, &c. 

China could very easy spare 

One hundred million men, 
Such men as these base coolies are, 

And be the better then. 
But woe to us if we receive 

One-tenth that number here. 
We very soon would have to leave, 

And seek some other sphere. 

The meanest race, &c. 

They would our country overrun, 

Our substance would devour, 
And, by outnumbering three to one, 

Our armies overpower. 
What miseries our race would see, 

When driven from their home. 
Let all who think such things can't be, 

Read " Gibbons' Fall of Rame." 
The meanest race, &c. 

Can we on Congressmen rely 

To stop the coolie trade ? 
While steamships have a subsidy 

And millions can be made, 
Shall the Pacific's restless waves 

Still bear them to our coast, 
And this fair land be cursed with slaves, 

While we of freedom boast ? 

The meanest race, &c. 



136 TO MART— THE MOUNT AIN GIRL. 

Wait yet a little longer, friends, 

And see what may be done. 
The darkest night in glory ends, 

Chased by the rising sun. 
Our slothful Government may rouse 

And do us justice yet. 
Our righteous cause it may espouse, 

Before our sun shall set. 

The meanest race that e'er disgraced 
The human form divine, 

A curse upon the Chinamen, 
Who came in forty-nine. 



TO MARY— THE MOUNTAIN GIRL 



KNEW a girl thirteen years old, 

Tall, yet not very slim, 
Like cedars on the mountains bold, 

So beautiful and trim. 

I saw her on her way to school; 

She had five miles to walk. 
She did not wish to be a fool, 

But learn to write and talk. 

I heard her speak a piece of prose, 
Which she had learned quite well, 

From the beginning to the close. 
She did most girls excel. 

I saw her swinging to and fro 

Up in a young. pine tree. 
Its top waved swiftly high and low, 

Which quite astonished me. 

I saw her next on horse-back ride; 

She rode with graceful speed. 
She had no waiter by her side, 

Nor any did she need. 

She did not have her horse led round, 

As girls do at the bay, 
But mounted quickly from the ground, 

And swiftly rode away. 



DEA TH OF MA GGIE FOOT. 137 

And next I saw her hauling wood 

Upon a two-horse sled. 
Her dress was very plain, though good; 

A hat was on her head. 

She stood erect; her whip she cracked; 

Was quickly out of sight, 
But soon returned with wood burnt black. 

Her face as black as night. 

I saw her at her cottage home; 

Her mother was away. 
Her father bad to dinner come, 

And wished that I would stay. 

Her dinner was as nice as would 

Be got up anywhere. 
Her bread was very light and good, 

And plentiful the fare. 

Let dashing belles their silks unfurl, 

In cities near the sea, 
But give to me the mountain girl, 

She is the girl for me. 



LINES ON THE DEATH OF LITTLE 
MAGGIE FOOT. 



10 



HE was a gentle, loving child, 
i An angel here below; 
On all her friends did sweetly smile, 
And childish love bestow. 

She scarce could lisp a mother's name, 

In childish accents sweet. 
We ne'er shall hear her voice again, 

Or music of her feet. 

No more shall sound her charming voice 
All through the village inn; 

For she is now her Saviour's choice, 
An angel, free from sin. 

Parents and sisters should not mourn; 

She now is free from pain; 
And what appears to be their loss, 

Is her eternal gain. 



138 MY HUMBLE HOME. 

She is not dead, — she only slept; 
- She has awoke above. 
Bright angels have their vigils kept, 
Sent through a Saviour's love. 

" Weep not for me," she fain would say, 
In gentle tones of love; 

" I was with you but yesterday, 
To-day, with Christ above. 

" Come unto me," the Saviour said, 
" Ye little ones of earth; 
And let their coming none forbid; 
I claim them from their birth." 

Let all mankind the lesson share 
Which Christ to man has given; 

Save ye become as children are, 
Ye cannot enter Heaven. 



Or all God's works 'neath heaven's span, 
The noblest is an honest man. 



The fairest sight an angel sees, 
A fair young girl upon her knees. 



MY HUMBLE HOME. 



HAVE built me a cot in the midst of a grove. 

Three tall pines of the grove form its walls; 
From the trunk of another its shingles were rove; 

Its rafters young pines straight and tall. 

Not a hand save my own did its timber prepare, 

And erect in the form of a house; 
Not a stick of sawed lumber or window is there; 

For a door some rough shakes come in use. 

The scenery around it is awfully grand; 

In the distance vast mountains of snow, 
The huge river, hills, our rapt visions command, 

While Tuolumne thunders below. 

Here the owls and wild beasts serenade me by night, 
While they roam by the light of the moon; 

And the boughs of the pine seem to dance with delight, 
As they hum their monotonous tune. 



GREAT MANITOU, 

The God of the Indian, and His Gentle Daughter, 
California. 



SING of pleasant foot-hills nigh, 
Of valleys, plains, and water, 

Great Manitou on mountains high, 
And Cala., his fair daughter. 

From high Nevada's storm-clad peaks, 
Mid clouds and drifting snows, 

Great Manitou in thunder speaks. 
And shakes the world below. 

His wintry storms below he hurls, 

The tempest fierce he blows; 
His snow-white banner he unfurls, 

And with the storm he goes. 

He keeps his secret dwelling-place 

Up in the mountains high. 
No living man has seen his face; 

To see it, he must die. 

His rivers rise on mountains steep, 

In everlasting snow, 
And rush through rugged canons deep, 

To reach the plains below. 

These mighty rivers, wide and deep, 
Swift down their channels flow; 

They dash o'er precipices steep, 
And roaring onward go. 

When swelled by melting snow and rains, 

They rush in thunder down, 
And overflow the grassy plains, 

O'er cottage, farm, and town. 

The plains are flooded when he wills, 
The mountains clad with snow; 

But in the gentle, low foot-hills 
He lets the young grass grow. 



1 40 GEE A T MAKITO U. 

These floods do fearful losses bring 

To people on the plain, 
And show that Manitou is king, 

And will his power maintain. 

Their fields are covered deep with sand, 
Their cattle starved or drowned; 

Their houses, when built on low land, 
Are lost and never found. 

But when the land again appears, 
And grass grows everywhere, 

His daughter tries, with smiles and tears, 
The damage to repair. 

The moistened plains and hills and trees 
She strews with lovely flowers; 

She fans them with a gentle breeze, 
And waters them with showers. 

She loads the trees and vines with fruit; 

She grows vast fields of grain; 
And tries her best each one to suit, 

Throughout her happy reign. 

Now summer comes, and to the plains 
The streams full banks do flow. 

To fill the place of absent rains, 
They come from melting snow. 

The gard'ner now may try his skill 

Upon the richest ground. 
He makes it rain when'er he will, 

And plenty does abound. 

Great Manitou! what fields of grain 
Grow on these boundless plains; 

Among the hills, what luscious fruits 
Grow ample without rains — 

The peach, the apple, and the grape, 

The apricot and pear; 
The orange grows through most the State, 

And figs grow everywhere. 

Vast fields of gold, in former, times, 
Brought thousands to these shores; 

And some, charmed by the mountain clime, 
Still search for precious ores. 



ORE A T MANITO U. 141 

And some have settled on the plains, 

The golden wheat to grow; 
Others high up among the pines, 

Close to the melting snow. 

Plenty the work that may be done, 

And free homes everywhere, 
From the vast plains with torrid sun, 

To mountains cool and rare. 

Plenty rich veins of golden ore 

Among these grand foot-hills, 
From the high summit to the shore, 

To run ten thousand mills. 

'Tis men of means this country wan 

Men with grand cash in hand; 
And when they wisely lay it out, 

Vast fortunes they command. 

Yet a small secret I must tell, 

On which all can rely; 
That they who wish to prosper well, 

Must see before they buy. 



No ruby that was ever found 
Outshines a noble mind. 

It sheds its peerless rays around, 
And blesses human kind. 



Anon. 



And thus the friends who hover near 

When fortune's sun is warm, 
Are startled if a cloud appear, 

And fly before a storm. 

Anon. 



A little child with sparkling eyes, 
And dimples on her chin, 

Has often taught me to be wise, 
And shun the path of sin. 



I have done, and left undone, many things which I sincerely 
regret having done or left undone. But it is too late to rectify 
the past. I have only the future now before, and that future is 
involved in a labyrinth of uncertainty and doubt. 



142 SONORA. 

SONORA. 



\ ONORA, the queen of the mountains, 
| The " sweet home " of the fair and the brave, 
Her streets are well watered with fountains, 
Where the flag of our Union doth wave. 

Her beautiful homes among locusts, 

Her rich mines of bright, glittering gold, 

Her fruits most delicious invoke us, 
A grand sight for the eye to behold. 

Her gardens are blooming with roses, 
And fair lilies bespangled with dew, 

Where the humming-bird softly reposes, 
And the bees their sweet labors pursue. 

She's fan'd by the breeze of the mountains, 
Which comes charged with elixir of health, 

And kisses her cool crystal fountains, 

And the cheeks of her maidens by stealth. 

Her maidens are fair as the morning, 

When the lark meets the bright rising sun; 

Sweet blushes their faces adorning, 

From the dawn till the evening is done. 

Her sons and her daughters make music, 

Which floats on the charmed breeze of the eve, 

And cheers up the heart of the stranger, 
Who a welcome is sure to receive. 

My regards to the sons of Sonora, 
And my love to her daughters so fair. 

I left their sweet presence in sorrow, 
Yet though banished I will not despair. 

I am now in search of a treasure 
That is hidden down deep in a mine; 

And writing a book at my leisure, 
Yet though sad I will never repine. 
O 

LOVE ONE ANOTHER. 



JJl 



him who wisely takes a wife 
In sweet companionship for life, 
His home a Heaven on earth wiJl prove, 
If all his actions end in love. 



QUESTIONS. 143 

As to the woman let me say, 
"lis her's to love and to obey; 
And if she tries her plans to force, 
'Twill end in hatred and divorce. 

A man although most learned and wise, 
Still with his wife he should advise, 
That she may enter in his plan, — 
None like a wife can help a man. 

No man should even dare in strife, 
To lay his hand upon his wife — 
But, guided by the Powers above, 
Should lead her by the power of love. 

Not e'en a dog with anger blind, 

Will bite the female of his kind; 

And shall proud man with heavenly birth, 

Outdo the meanest brute on earth ? 

Although most sons of Adam's race 
Through anger do themselves disgrace, 
The wife should, with a gentle hand 
And loving words, the peace command. 

And if a wife should chance to scold, 
Or tantalize her husband bold, 
He should not in the strife assist, 
But end the quarrel with a kiss. 

Each one should hide the other's fault, 
Each other's virtues each exalt, 
And each to each be ever true, 
And oft the pledge of love renew. 

So feast on love and pleasure sweet, 
With home and happiness complete, 
And they may live as two in one, 
With Heaven's blessings on their home. 
Grovelavd, March 3, 1879. 



QUESTIONS. 



i 



[Respectfully dedicated to Chas. Schofield, Esq.*] 

VE read your poem — dropped a tear. 

O'er every lovely precept in it, 
But through it all this thought would veer — 

What prompted Charley to begin it ? 



144 QUESTIONS. 

We know a poet's range of thought 

Takes in most every theme that's charming, 

But here, through every line, I've caught 
A gleam of something quite alarming! 

Said I, "/learned the bliss that wreathes 
A married life, from Hymen's College; 

Where, in the name of all that breathes, 
Did our friend Schofield get his knowledge ? 

* * No dainty wife has clasped his hand, 

Or had the power to chain or hold him; 
Nor has he, by a harsh command, 

Bestowed on one the power to scold him. 

" How can he thus so sweetly trace 

The sentiments that bind earth's creatures, 
Since all he knows of wedded grace 
He certainly has learned from teachers ? 

" Or else at witching hour of night, 

His tired head resting on a bowlder — 
He may have dreamed (Oh, pleasure's height!) 
A wife's head leaned upon his shoulder! 

" And in the day a fancy rose 

From out the wrecks of the ideal, 
And thus his poem to us shows 

The rapture, when the dream is real! " 

Oh, friend! advice is always good, 

And poetry, when nice, alluring; 
But I do really wish you would 

Just think of all you are enduring — 

To see in dreams ecstatic bliss, 

And when awake, the joy of others- 
How is it you have noted this, 

And not gained profit from your brothers ? 

And when your words such joys reveal, 
And show your heart to be so ample, 
How sad some loving girl will feel 
To know you write without example! 

— Mrs. W. A. Duchuw. 
"Having reference to his poem, "Love One Another." 



TRUE LOVE. 145 

TRUE LOVE. 



[Respectfully dedicated to Mrs. W. A. Duchow.] 

T" 9 OVE rules the court, the camp, the grove, 
IP The earth beneath, and Heaven above. 

Love is Heaven, and Heav'n is love." — Scott. 

Your "Questions" have been quite too hard, 
And much perplexed the mountain bard. 
Suspended between hopes and fears, 
He has delayed these three long years. 
Procrastination, thief of time, 
Should be indicted for the crime. 

It is the glory of a priest 
To preach on doctrines known the least; 
The editor to publish news, 
And on all subjects give his views. 
The politician moves the crowd 
To peals of laughter long and loud. 
The statesman, learned in nature!s laws, 
Notes an effect, and seeks the cause. 
The poet, in the mountains wild, 
Without a home, or wife, or child, 
A burden to himself would prove, 
Could he not dream and write of love. 

Before the world I do declare 
Of love I never had my share, 
Nor yet my share of kisses sweet, 
Or literary food to eat; 
Yet while their loss I. do deplore, 
I love and cherish them the more. 

The man who never had a wife 

Appreciates a married life, 

And thinks a fair and loving bride 

Would be an angel by his side, 

And will make any sacrifice 

To win so glorious a prize; 

But when at last the prize is won, 

The trouble has but just begun. 

Alas! it is a common fate 
For man to be intemperate; 
And quite as much so, too, I think, 
In love and passion as in drink. 



146 TRUE LOVE. 

The only case where love stands proof 
Is where the lovers keep aloof, 
And each from each remain exempt. 
Too much caressing breeds contempt. 
'Tis said brave Anthony of old 
This way did Cleopatra hold. 
Of love they scarcely had their fill, 
And so remained true lovers still. 

Love is a strange, mysterious thing. 
It from the human heart does spring, 
But is sometimes brought out by chance, 
And holds us as if in a trance. 
But love may cultivated be, 
And grow like any plant or tree; 
And those to whom most joy does come, 
Produce and keep their love at home. 

'Tis easy quite for men and wives 

To grow in love through all their lives. 

The one may plant the tender shoot, 

The other dig about its root. 

And in the dry, unfruitful years, 

They both must water it with tears; 

And through each long cold winter storm 

Must house the plant and keep it warm; 

And while its leaves are fresh and green, 

No one should ever come between 

To lay a hand upon a shoot, 

Its sacred blossoms to pollute, 

Till a gigantic tree of love 

Shall reach from earth to Heaven above, 

Where angels gather in the fruit, 

While truth still lingers at the root. 

Its trunk a rOad to Heaven is made, 

And thousands sport beneath its shade. 

True love is not an idle thing, 
To temporary pleasure bring, 
But is a gift of God above. 
Our very being hangs on love. 
It is designed by Heaven's grace 
To spread and multiply our race; 
And they who love each other true 
Will also love their children too. 

They who love's purpose missupply, 
In misery must live and die. 



LINES. 147 



Some do a perfect failure prove, 
By taking passion for true love; 
And some enough vile passion know 
To send them with the d — d below. 

Friend, if you know of some fair Miss, 
Like me a stranger to a kiss, 
With disposition kind and good, 
And skill to earn her clothes and food, 
One who prefers a married life, 
And will consent to be my wife, 
Send her to me, and we will prove 
The joy and bliss of wedded love, 
And to the outside world will show 
What true and constant love can do; 
And in our ecstasy will bless 
Sonora's charming poetess. 



LINES 

Upon the Death of the Four Little Children of Mr. and 
Mrs. Drew, of Groveland. 







[Written February 16, 187£] 
NE day in January last, 
In G-roveland's quiet streets I passed 

A place with pleasant shade, 
Where, near a house with grassy yard, 
And fence in front their home to guard, 
Three gentle children played. 

Within the door the mother sat, 
Her little babe upon her lap, 

And watched their childish joy. 
The youngest three were lovely girls, 
With sparkling eyes and dancing curls; 

The oldest was a boy — 

A noble boy as could be found 
Within ten miles of country round, 

A noble, manly boy. 
He was a friend to all he knew, 
Most truthful, upright, honest, too; 

His father's pride and joy. 



148 THE MOUNTAIN MAID. 

The glow of health was on each cheek, 
And every eye then seemed to speak 

Of happiness complete. 
As through the mountain vales I roam, 
I sometimes see more costly homes, 

But happier ne'er meet. 

One little month this scene has changed. 
It seems to all most passing strange 

Those little ones are gone, 
The parents only left to weep. 
Their children in .the grave do sleep, 

And they are left alone. 

JEn four small graves, ranged side by side, 
Just in the order which they died, 

These four loved children lay. 
Their bodies rest beneath the ground; 
Their souls eternal life have found, 
By angels borne away. 

And even now, though strange it seems, 
We sometimes see them in our dreams, 

And join their childish play; 
But when we try their hands to grasp, 
Or forms unto our bosoms clasp, 

They flee from us away. 

O 

THE MOUNTAIN MAID. 



T V$i HILE passing through a mountain gorge, 
WW Borne by a six -horse stage, 

We stopped beside a vineyard large, 
Our hot thirst to assuage. 

A stream came rushing through the glade, 

And watered all below. 
A cottage nestled in the shade, 

Safe from the sun's fierce glow. 

Beneath a fig-tree's ample shade 

The sturdy owner sat, 
And by his side a lovely maid 

Beguiled him with her chat. 

" Come to the house," the father said, 
" And taste my native wine; 
Although 'tis from this vineyard made, 
It equals that from Rhine. " 



THE MOUNTAIN MAID. 149 

The girl then brought a pitcher full, 

As quickly as she could, 
Fresh from the cellar, nice and cool. 

We all pronounced it good. 

The trees and vines were fresh and green, 

Though bowed with ripening fruit. 
A lovelier place is seldom seen 

Near Pina Blanca Butte. 

And as the coach away did whirl, 

Though scarce a word was said, 
Each one thought of that lovely girl, 

That dark-eyed mountain maid. 

Again I passed; that girl had gone. 

She was decoyed away 
From her kind father and her home, 

With human fiends to stay. 

A man, blear-eyed, with visage rough, 

And heart as black as sin, 
Had vowed to her eternal love, 

If she would go with him. 

A woman who her sex disgraced, 

Who scoffed at virtue's ways, 
Gave them a refuge at her place, 

And helped the foul disgrace. 

These two well-mated fiends of hell 

Her ruin did effect. 
No one could save her from their spell, 

Or deep damnation check. 

When next I passed, with grief severe 

The old man bowed his head, 
And softly whispered, with a tear, 

"My darling child is dead." 

About three days before she died, 

While smitten with remorse, 
He sought to lay his guilt" aside, 

By marrying her corpse. 

At a grand ball a short time since, 

Amid the proud array 
This deep-dyed villain led the dance, 

The gayest of the gay. 



150 SONORA, THE QUEEN OF THE MOUNTAIN. 

Is there no law to punish crime, 

Or deeds of carnage stop ? 
Must fashion in her flight sublime 

Bear such base villains up? 

Must innocence be sunk in shame, 
And slain that shame to hide, 

While her base slayer without blame 
Floats safe on fashion's tide ? 

Great God! how long must such things be? 

When will the young be wise ? 
And when will good society 

Such villainy despise? 
Groveland, March 23, 1879. 



SONORA, THE QUEEN OF THE MOUNT- 
AIN. 



, ONOEA, the queen of the mountains, 
| The home of the fair and the brave, 
Her streets are well watered with fountains, 
Where the flag of our Union does wave. 

Her beautiful homes amid locusts, 
Her mines of bright, glittering gold, 

Her fruits most delicious invoke us — 
A grand sight for the eye to behold. 

Her gardens are blooming with roses, 
And lilies besprinkled with dew, 

Where the humming-bird sweetly reposes, 
And the bees their sweet labors pursue. 

Her sons and her daughters make music, 
Which floats on the breeze of the eve, 

And enraptures the heart of the stranger, 
Who a welcome is sure to receive. 

Her maidens are fair as the morning, 

When the lark meets the bright, rising sun, 

Sweet blushes their faces adorning 

From the dawn till the evening is done. 

Here's a health to the sons of Sonora, 
And a kiss to her daughters so fair. 

Should I meet with a fortune to-morrow, 
I am sure I would spend my life there. 



VALENTINE. 151 

THE FAIREST OF THE FAIR. 



KNOW of many charming girls, 
With soft bine eyes and auburn curls, 
Which gently down their fair necks twirl, 

And whose cheeks bear the glow of aurora. 
And some I know whose eyes are dark, 
And gleam with lightning's vivid spark, 
With voices sweeter than the lark, 
In the beautiful town of Sonora. 

And one I know with hazel eyes, 
In which true love and honor lies, 
Her heart a perfect paradise; 

And her cheeks bear the glow of aurora, 
Her long, dark, flowing, wavy hair, 
And swan-like neck and bosom fair, 
With gentle hills half hidden there, 

In the beautiful town of Sonora. 

With pretty feet and slender waist, 
And faultless form, my girl is graced; 
Sweet blushes linger on her face, 

And her cheeks bear the glow of aurora. 
When she is dressed with modest care, 
None with my darling can compare. 
She is the fairest of the fair 

In the beautiful town of Sonora. 



VALENTINE. 



[To Norah, February 14, 1881.] 

OMETIMES I write in verse for fun, 
I Sometimes for fame or glory; 
But of all writing that I've done, 
I'd rather write for Norah. 

I own that I am twice her age, 
My beard is growing hoary; 

Yet, were I wiser than a sage, 
I still must think of Norah. 

Had I a pretty cottage home 

In Groveland or Sonora, 
No more with strangers would I roam, 

But stay at home with Norah. 



152 ROYAL TOASTS. 

Had I a million all in gold 

(I tell no idle story), 
Or mines or railroad stocks unsold, 

I would divide with Norah. 

Were I an honored president, 
Crowned with official glory 

Or world-wide fame, I'd be content 
To share it all with Norah. 



ROYAL TOASTS. 



®ft T a dinner given by the Lord Mayor of London, 
WL some years since, after the queen and ladies had 
w — retired, and the wines had been freely sampled 
and discussed, the following toasts are said to have 
been given: — 
First toast by the Russian Minister: — 

The great Kussian bear: His hindfeet rest on 
Europe, and his forefeet on Asia, and when he 
growls, both continents are filled with terror and 
dismay. 
Second, by the British Minister: — 

The British lion: His lair is upon the British Isles, 
but the whole earth is his hunting-ground, and when 
he roars, all nations fear and tremble. 
Third, by the American Minister: — 

The great American mastodon: When he eats, 
boundless forests disappear from before him, and 
ever and anon vast mountains rise behind him. To 
quench his thirst, great lakes are drained to their 
cavernous depths, and mighty rivers spring from 
beneath his feet. When undisturbed, his disposition 
is mild and peaceful, but his anger is terrible. When 
in a rage he shakes the earth from pole to pole. 

The other Ministers present remained silent, and 
the great dinner-party soon broke up, with three 
rousing cheers and a tiger for America. 



THE WHEEL GOES BOUND. 153 

THE WHEEL GOES ROUND. 



TT7 HOUGH daily we may plan and plot, 
I Each day we are sure to find, 
To our distress, that things are not 

Exactly to our mind; 
And useless 'tis to grieve and fret, 

Or meet our fate with frowns, 
For life was never perfect yet 
Without its ups and downs. 

The wheel goes round and round; 

The wheel goes round and round; 
And those who are now at the top 

Will soon be on the ground; 
And those who at the bottom lie 

Will then be at the top; 
For so the wheel goes round and round, 
And round, and will not stop. 

To-day my neighbor soareth high 

On fortune's favoring breeze; 
His wants abundant streams supply; 

His life is one of ease; 
His cup of pleasure and delight 
Seems sparkling to the brim; 
The sun is on his path so bright 
That many envy him. 

And yet the wheel goes round; 

The wheel goes round and round; 
And those who now are at the top 

Will soon be on the ground; 
And those who at the bottom lie 

Will then be on the top; 
For so the wheel goes round and round, 
And round, and will not stop. 

Some labor hard from day to day 

To till the stubborn soil, 
While some from morn till evening gray 

Reap rich reward for toil; 
And those who in their early youth 

Escape much grief and care, 
May, when old age creeps on in truth, 
Life's heaviest burdens bear. 

The wheel goes round and round; 
The wheel goes round and round; 
11 



154 THE OLD 8 USQ UEHA NNA . 

And those who now are at the top 

Will soon he on the ground; 
And those who at the bottom lie 

Will then be at the top; 
For so the wheel goes round and round, 
And round, and will not stop. 

— Josephine Pollard. 
O 

WAY UP AMONG THE PINES. 



T T6) AY up among the pines 
\/V/ There lives a family 

To whom these rough, unvarnished lines 

Shall dedicated be. 
Their complexions are red, 

From their feet to their head, 
And their slanderous tongues many good people dread 
Way up among the pines. 

As people pass along the road, 

I ofter hear it said, 
They hear great mines of wrath explode 

On some devoted head. 
The stoutest heart will fail, 

The darkest face grow pale. 
The racket resembles a fish woman's wail, 

Way up among the pines. ' 

Ye mountain men and maidens fair, 

Be careful what you do. 
These vixens with the naming hair 

May yet turn loose on you, 
With their clatter -t-bang 
And their Billingsgate slang, 
As they often have done till the great mountains rang 

Way up among the pines. 

O 

THE OLD SUSQUEHANNA. 



STILL in memory dwell 

On the old Susquehanna, 
Among scenes I loved so well, 

On the old Susquehanna. 
It was in my younger days 
That I learned her crooked ways, 
And my skill deserved some prais 
On the old Susquehanna. 



THE OLD SUSQUEHANNA. 155 

I once lived upon a branch 

Of the old Susquehanna, 
Where they built rafts, good and staunch, 

On the old Susquehanna. 
But the river grows more wide, 
As we down her bosom glide, 
And we dip our oars with pride 

On the old Susquehanna. 

How I loved the stirring scenes 

On the old Susquehanna, 
And likewise the pork and beans 

On the old Susquehanna. 
And all nature sweetly smiled, 
As we passed the lovely isles, 
And we plowed the waters wild 

On the old Susquehanna. 

We dashed down the great falls 

On the old Susquehanna, 
And along the mighty walls 

On the old Susquehanna. 
As we ran Shumakin Shute, 
And likewise old Nantacoke, 
Swiftly down our raft did scoot 

On the old Susquehanna. 

We dashed through reefs of rocks 

On the old Susquehanna, 
And we met with some hard knocks 

On the old Susquehanna. 
And we ran clear through to tide, 
Where the bay is large and wide, 
And the tall ships seaward glide, 

On the old Susquehanna. 

It was many years ago, 

On the old Susquehanna, 
When a sailing I did go 

On the old Susquehanna. 
But I never since have met 
A more brave and jolly set; 
I in fancy see them yet 

On the old Susquehanna. 



156 OUR ANCESTORS. 

OUR MARTYRED PRESIDENT. 







UR President, the nation's choice, 
Elected by the public voice, 
Has, by base treachery, been slain 

By one who hoped a place to gain. 

May public vengeance swift arise, 
And plague the villain till he dies; 
Then may God grant the wretch a cell 
Within the inmost vaults of hell. 

All who may dare to raise a hand 
Against the ruler of our land, 
May their accursed memory 
Sink in eternal infamy. 



OUR INDEPENDENCE DAY. 



N seventeen hundred seventy-six, 
Proclaimed by cannon's roar, 

Our Independence day was fixed 
To stand forevermore. 

The little ripple on our shore 

Became a tidal wave, 
Which, rushing onward with a roar, 

Will every country lave, 

Until our Goddess Liberty 
Shall rule on every shore 

With justice and equality, 
Till time shall be no more. 



OUR ANCESTORS. 



6 



LD Adam was our great grandad, 

And Eve our great grandmother; 
Their oldest son one day got mad, 
And killed his younger brother. 

God cursed him, and he fled for life; 

He feared an angry God, 
But some years later took a wife 

From out the land of Nod. 



OUR ANCESTORS. 157 

Mankind grew very bad indeed, 

Soon after Adam's fall, 
And God resolved save Noah and seed 

He would destroy them all. 

Cod showed Noah how to build an ark, 

And have it fitly stored; 
Noah to the voice of G od did hark, 

And all were safe on board. 

Full forty days the sun was dark, 

And down the waters poured, 
And all save those upon the ark 

By angry waves devoured. 

At last the voyage was safely done, 

The ark was high on shore, 
And a new race was then begun 

By each brave son of Noah. 

Shem's race in Asia took their home; 

Ham peopled Africa; 
The sons of Japhet, doomed to roam, 

To Europe took their way. 

Abram met Sarah at the well, 

Where she had come for water, 
And at first sight in love he fell 

With Asia's fairest daughter. 

Says he: "If thou wilt be my wife 

Thou never shalt be jilted, 
But I will cling to thee through life; 

Say, wilt thou ? " and she wilted. 

'Tis said this is a world of change; • 

In some respects 'tis so, 
But courting now was just the same 

Four thousand years ago. 

From this pair sprang a mighty race, 

Who freedom's flag unfurled, 
And whose deeds fill important space 

In history of the world. . 

They now are scattered far and wide, 

Through every land on earth, 
Wherever human kind abide, 

And still maintain their worth. 



158 VILLAGE SCANDAL. 

Their sons in commerce do excel; 

Their daughters, true and fair. 
All love that state which pleased so well 

The great ancestral pair. 

Let Ingersoll and Darwin prate 
And scoff at truths divine; 

They trace their ancestry to apes — 
To Adam I trace mine. 



VILLAGE SCANDAL. 



N Groveland's quiet shades there lives 

A man called Jack; 
To labor little time he gives, 
But much to talk. 

No matter what the subject be, 

From Adam's fall, 
Through time and vast eternity, 

He knows it all. 

Knows each one's private business, too, 

Or thinks he does; 
Each avocation, old or new, 

Plain or abstruse. 

His partner, too, a fit helpmeet, 

Adopts his views, 
And daily promenades the street 

In search of news. 

She learns all that's going on 

Throughout the town; 
Each venture that is lost or won, 

And notes it down. 

She hunts for filth in every place, 

And snuffs the scent; 
To drag the pure down to disgrace, 

Her whole intent. 

Sweet, helpless innocence the most 

She seeks to crush; 
From good society she boasts 

Some she will thrust. 



AD VENTURES OF A BLUE J A Y. 159 

The scandal she each day collects 

By the wholesale; 
To have the much desired effect, 

She must retail. 

And thus by working every way 

With devotion, 
She keeps the village night and day 

In commotion. 

And when the injured make demand 

Facts to obtain, 
She just refers them to her man 

To make all plain. 

He proves by her and she by him 

The tales they've told, 
And if you leave it all to them, 

'Tis good as gold. 

But if for truth you further hunt, 

He quakes with fear, 
And brings his partner to the front; 

He takes the rear. 



ADVENTURES OF A BLUE-JAY AS RE- 
LATED BY HIMSELF. 



AN ALLEGORY. 

I TRAVELED very far and fast, 
But found a pleasant place at last, 
Where I could stop and have a rest. 
This was the Mountain Eagle's Nest. 

Here everything was clean and neat, 
And plenty in the house to eat. 
His mate presided as she should, 
And every dish was nice and good. 
I slept and ate and drank my fill, 
Then asked the eagle for his bill. 

He said to wealth he was no slave; 
Another's goods he did not crave; 
He would not rob me as some might, 
But only charge me what was right. 



160 AD VENTURES OF A BLUE J A Y. 

I stopped a pleasant hour or two, 
And then my journey did pursue, 
And as I had not far to go, 
Resolved to walk and take it slow. 

The next place where I stopped to rest 
Was known as the old Hen Hawk's Nest. 
The hawk was home and seemed polite, 
And bade me welcome for the night. 
As I was quite fatigued from walk, 
I sat and listened to his talk. 

He said a day or two before 

He entertained Lord Thundermore, 

Escorting Lady Bumblebee 

On her way to Yosemite. 

None but the rich and great stop here; 

The poorer sort go over there, 

And without giving us a rest, 

He pointed out the Buzzard's Nest. 

Great Lady Snooks and Lord Titmouse 
Have done the honors of my house, 
And so have counts and gay countesses, 
With grand outfits and gaudy dresses, 
By far too numerous to mention; 
To name them all I've no intention, 
But thought I'd mention just a few 
To show you what my house can do. 

And lastly I am pleased to see 
That you yourself have honored me 
With all your learning and renown, 
Which turns the country upside down. 

He bowed and scraped and spread his tail, 
And round the nest he took a sail. 

I heard him through as on he went, 

And silently gave my assent. 

As things were looking rather rough, 

I thought that 1 had heard enough, 

But knew that I would have to stay 

Until the next ensuing day, 

For night had drawn her curtain down 

O'er hills and woods and fields and town, 

And being lame and tired, too, 

I early to my room did go; 

But as I did not feel quite right, 

1 did not Bleep a wink that night. 



AD VENTURES OF A BLUE JAY. 161 

I soon learned there was something wrong. 
I knew the Hoot-owl by his song; 
I heard the Night Hawk come and go, 
The Fish Hawk and the Vulture, too. 

As there I lay upon my bed, 
I plainly heard what each one said; 
I learned they were on plunder bent; 
To rob me was their dire intent. 

I could not make successful fight 
Against such odds at dead of night; 
To flee I knew it was too late, 
So had to stay and bide my fate. 

They did not give me long to wait, 

But rudely dragged me through the gate; 

Tore from my back my coat of blue, 

And took my cap and feathers, too. / 

They basely stripped me naked quite, 

Then cast me forth into the night, 

And all that night so cold and damp, 

They shouted robber, thief, and tramp. 

And none dared even come that way, 

Where on the cold, damp ground I lay, 

Or even listen to my cry, 

But left me in the cold to die. 

While thus upon the ground I lay, 
I fondly wished for coming day, 
That I might cast a look around. 
To see if shelter could be found. 
I thought it very hard to die 
Without a friend or comrade nigh, 
Yet, as I shivered in the breeze, 
I surely thought that I would freeze. 

But as I tried to move about, 
Without a knowledge of my route, 
Or scarce a consciousness of life, 
Almost beyond all mortal strife, 
Though yet with fear and pain oppressed, 
I crawled into the Buzzard's Nest. 

Old Buzzard knew me very well, 
And to his mate did softly tell: 
" I think we better let him lie, 
As I am certain he will die, 
And that will prove our benefit, 
As on his body we will sit, 



162 ADVENTURES OF A BLUE JAY. 

And then before it is too late, 
Administer on his estate, 
And make a thousand or two more, 
The same as we have done before. 

"And now don't say a single word, 
And I will tell you what I've heard. 
Tis said way up among the pines 
He is the owner of rich mines. 

" Now if we manage right at r.ll, 
These mines into our hands will fall. 
Should any stranger come to town 
To see these mines we'll cry them down, 
And if to buy is his intent, 
We'll say they are not worth a cent; 
And then if buy them still he would, 
We'll swear the title is not good, 
And thus we'll watch from day to day 
To keep all mining sharps away, 
Until we have these mines and lands 
With a good title in our hands; 
And then we'll open up the ground, 
And gold in plenty will be found; 
And as we yet are in our prime, 
Now won't we have a splendid time ? 

" And now I think I better go 
And find our bosom friend, the Crow, 
And further still my flight pursue, 
'Till I have seen the Vulture, too; 
And then to make our plans complete, 
If other friends I chance to meet, 
I will invite them one and all 
To a grand feast at Buzzard's Hall. 

"We must not let the Blue-jay know 
A thing that we intend to do, 
And though he pays me in advance, 
I'll charge him with the whole expense, 
For when he's dead no one can know, 
Nor can they prove a thing we do, 
And all his wealth in stocks and lands 
Will fall into our willing hands. 

" And if his friends should raise a cry, 
We all will meet them with a lie, 
For I have found from early youth 
A lie goes farther than the truth, 



AD VENTURES OF A BLUE J A Y. 1 63 

And this is just the reason why 

I nearly always choose to lie, 

And even when, be it confessed, 

The truth would answer for the best." 

He did not favor Hawks the least, 

And would not have them at his feast; 

And Hawks would not with Buzzards eat; 

They like their food more nice and sweet, 

And then the Buzzard tells his friends 

That Hawks are quite too fond of Hens. 

So it is very plain to see 

That they agree to disagree, 

And, measured by each other's rules, 

The Hawks are knaves, the Buzzards fools. 

They met and were as strange a crew 
As any one could wish to view. 
While some were of a motley white, 
Some were as black as darkest night, 
And all the shades of black and blue 
Were found among the Buzzard's crew. 

While some were dressed with decent care, 
Others quite little had to wear; 
Some strutted proudly as they walked, 
While others bowed and laughed and talked. 
Old Buzzard strutted through the hall, 
And made them think he knew it all. 

Just like a nest of unclean birds 
They listened to his honied words, 
And then, with mouths extended wide, 
And eyes close shut, for more they cried; 
And though he fed them stinking meat, 
They gulped it down and thought it sweet. 

He quite minutely told them o'er 
All he had told his mate before, 
And then asked what he better do; 
They all resolved to help him through, 
And promised not to say a word, 
Or even see the hated bird. 
They would no aid or comfort give, 
And fondly hoped he would not live. 

Three fearful weeks there I did lie, 
Writhing in mortal agony; 



164 AD VENTURES OF A BLUE J A Y. 

Without a friend to make my bed, 
Or smooth a pillow for my head, 
And none in all the country round 
Were at my bedside ever found. 

None did I say ? save only one, 
And he was not a Buzzard's son. 
" It must have been by some strange chance; 
He may have come there in a trance. 
'Tis very strange, but is no jest, 
An Eagle sought the Buzzard's Nest; 
Sometimes by night and oft by day 
He comforted the poor sick Jay. 

I could not rest or eat or sleep, 
Or stand one moment on my feet, 
Or even turn myself in bed, 
But lay as one already dead. 

Old Buzzard daily brought me meat, 
Such as a healthy man might eat, 
And set it down quite near my head, 
Just as the Chinese feed their dead. 

But Heaven decreed I should not die, 

Or longer on a sick bed lie. 

My pain first ceased; then I could eat; 

At last I stood upon my feet. 

And all the fiends of earth or hell 

Could not prevent my getting well. 

Old Buzzard found his plans were balked, 
And to his lovely mate he talked. 
He stamped and raved and cursed and swore, 
And she her raven ringlets tore. 

Says she, " He is a common tramp; 
I will not wait on the old scamp." 

He swore he would not sleep or eat 
Till I was turned into the street. 

Still weak and feeble, lame and sore, 
Thus I was driven from their door. 
They then threw out my scanty goods, 
With which 1 sought the friendly woods, 
To seek the company of bears 
And panthers, sleeping in their lairs. 



OUR COUNTRY. 165 

The bears are generous and brave, 

And only fight their lives to save; 

They don't surprise a sleeping foe, 

And take his life and eat him too; 

Nor do they often give offense, 

But only fight in self-defense; 

Yet this is true, now take my word, 

That when they do fight they fight hard; 

They stand erect, confront the foe, 

And lay him prostrate with a blow, 

And then to punish him the more, 

They scratch and bite and wound him sore. 

I know my style of life is rough; 

Full well I know 'tis bad enough, 

But this I choose to shun a worse, 

And thus evade a common curse. 

I am no coward, braver far 

Than some who snuff the smoke of war, 

But choose to shun all social cares, 

And brave my fortune with the bears; 

For in society I find 

The hawks and buzzards of mankind. 

If rich, they rob us if they dare; 

If poor, their insults we must bear. 

They thief and tramp and robber cry, 

And turn us out-of-doors to die. 

Yet, trusting in the power of truth, 
Which I have loved from early youth, 
And hoping all will yet be right, 
Kind friends, I bid you all good-night. 

And as I wait the coming day, 
Subscribe myself your own 

Blue Jay. 
O 

OUR COUNTRY. 



T T^ HEN tyrants drove to bloody war 



Our brave and manly sires, 
And sent their forces from afar 
To desecrate our fires, 

Great Washington in thunder rose, 
And, with a dauntless band, 

Rolled back the war-cloud on his foes, 
And drove them from our land. 



166 OUR COUNTRY. 

The young republic of the West, 
The child of fearful strife, 

Was taken from its mother's breast, 
And nurtured into life. 



Old mother England tried once more 
To force her offspring home, 

And sent her war ships to our shore; 
Her troops by thousands came. 

The youthful giant showed his strength, 

And, after years of war, 
The foe was driven back at length, 

And dare return no more. 



When fierce Rebellion reared his head 

Our Union to divide, 
And Liberty was almost dead, 

And Peace her face did hide, 

The great republic of the West 

Sent forth a million men, 
Who did the rebel hordes invest, 

And chained them in their den. 



Now let all nations know the truth, 

And fully understand, 
This giant is no more a youth, 

But now a full-grown man, 

A giant of no common growth; 

He loves sweet liberty, 
And, mindful of his early youth, 

He hates base tyranny. 

He welcomes to our peaceful shores 
The poor and the oppressed; 

All such as flee from kingly powers 
May here find quiet rest. 

But if an enemy oppose, 

He can a warrior be, 
And hurl destruction on his foes; 

He strikes for liberty. 



THE EAGLE AND THE BUZZARD. 167 

THE EAGLE AND THE BUZZARD. 



FROM the towering crag of a mountain high, 
A brave and warlike eagle soared, 
And over the flocks in a valley close by, 
His strong, swift wings were daily heard. 

A buzzard sat lazily turning his head 

On one of the loftiest trees, 
Snuffing for the scent of some poor creature dead, 

Which he hoped he might trace by the breeze. 

The eagle paused like a knight with lance in rest, 

And then swooped swiftly down, 
And bore a fine fat lamb away to his nest, 

As a feast for his brood half grown. 

The old buzzard witnessed the bold eagle's plan, 

And took not a moment to wait, 
But tangled his claws in the fleece of a ram, 

And then plaintively mourned his sad fate. 

The moral of this ancient fable remains, 

And that I will quickly define; 
The buzzard the man without money or brains, 

Who thinks he can run a quartz mine. 

He can wriggle and twist however he may, 

And brace himself up with conceit, 
And carry his head very high for a day; 

In the end he is surely beat. 

The eagle the man who with judgment and skill 

Develops a mine that will pay, 
And has plenty of cash to be drawn at will, 

Let the settlements come when they may. 

He uses his means with economy, too, 

And does his own business attend; 
He may make some trifling mistakes, it is true, 

But will certainly win in the end. 



168 EDUCATION AND LIBERTY. 

EDUCATION AND LIBERTY. 



M 



AY education ever be 
The bosom friend of liberty. 
And may they visit hand in hand 
Each town and hamlet of our land. 

And may each school and college be 
A bomb-proof fortress of the free; 
We can but have a good report, 
Where education holds the fort. 

A man by education blest 
Cannnot be duped by king or priest, 
And a great nation of such men 
On their resources may depend. 

I now am poor, yet by my son 
The highest honors may be won. 
He may be to our Congress sent, 
Or even be our President. 

Or if a sword he choose to wield, 
He may win honors in the field, 
And from a private or a page, 
Become the hero of the age. 

God bless the teachers; let them come, 
And thus illumine every home. 
There is no need of dolts and fools, 
While our free land is blest with schools. 

Not far ahead I think I see 
Each State with education free, 
And every child induced to go, 
And every useful science know. 

And learn to labor, too, as well 
As to keep books and buy and sell, 
And thus quite independent be, 
While working out their destiny. 

May education ever be 
The bosom friend of liberty. 
And may they visit hand in hand 
Each town and hamlet of our land. 

And may each school and college be 
A bomb-proof fortress of the free. 
We can but have a good report 
Where education holds the fort. 



MY OLD CAT. 169 

WRITTEN FOR MISS LEVETTA SCO- 
FIELD IN HER ALBUM. 



nEVETTA, thou art Nature's child, 
The fairest flower of Idlewild: 






With large dark eyes and form divine, 
May happiness be ever thine. 



FOR MISS MINNIE S . 

The rose blooms in the mountain glen, 
The fawn goes skipping through the lea, 

And shuns the compan}* of men; 
They ever bloom and skip like thee. 



FOR MISS EVA S . 

Eva is well endowed with sense, 
With quiet, deep intelligence, 
Designed by the great powers above 
To win in learning and in love. 



FOR BIRDIE S- 



Sweet Birdie, darling little pet, 
A modest little violet; 
Her form so fair, her heart so warm, 
May angels keep my love from harm. 



MY OLD CAT. 



ONCE had an old cat 
That was lazy and fat, 

And she had a very long tail; 
But the lazy old thing 
Loved to lie still and sing, 

Or else move about like a snail. 

And although rats and mice 
Were quite plenty and nice, 

She never would catch one to eat. 
And although most all cats 
Much prefer mice and rats, 

This one much preferred other meat. 



170 WRITING WITHOUT PAY. 

Now my friend Mr. James, 
Though I'll not mention names, 

Had a dog that was glossy and black. 
"When this dog came around, 
With a skip and a bound, 

The cat always got up her back. 

On one very fine day 
She went over the way 

To visit my neighbor alone. 
There she found the black dog 
Lying still as a log, 

Quite contentedly gnawing a bone. 

The old cat gave a squall 
And a leap for the wall, 

But while she was under full sail, 
The dog gave a quick bound 
Very high from the ground, 

And instantly snapped off her tail. 

My friends made some pretense 
That, to curtail expense, 

I commenced by cur-tailing my cat. 
The dog's mis-anthropy 
Caused the cat-astrophe; 

It was done before you could say "scat. 



O- 



WRITING WITHOUT PAY. 



i 



HAVE remarked, and here repeat, 
To write for papers without pay, 

Or run for office, and get beat 
Is anything but fun for me. 



THOUGHTS AND CONCLUSIONS 

On Reading Narratives of the Survivors of the 
Jeannette. 



EOM all the information I have been able to 
glean from these narratives, and from the advent- 
ures of numerous Arctic explorers, I cannot see 
any insurmountable difficulty in the way of reach- 
ing the North Pole. But I am fully convinced that 
it will never be done through the agency of the hide- 
and-seek policy, which has hitherto been so unsuc- 
cessfully pursued. 

A ship is fitted out and furnished in good style by 
some Government or individual, and started for the 
North Pole. This vessel forces its way as far as pos- 
sible during summer, into the perpetual ice floes of 
the frozen North, and, as a matter of course, is frozen 
in during the ensuing winter, and usually remains 
there one, two or three years, or until it is smashed 
by the ice and sunk. 

During all this time there is an intense interest in 
regard to the fate of the ship and crew, and numer- 
ous other vessels are sent out by the different nations 
interested, to search for them. Some of these advent- 
urous searching vessels are in turn caught in the ice, 
which makes it very necessary that other vessels 
should be sent in search of them, and so on through 
the catalogue. In this way many valuable lives are 
lost, and much property uselessly destroyed, and but 
very little or nothing accomplished towards reaching 
the Pole. 

Th£ North Pole can be reached to a certainty, and 
that without any very great risk or expenditure of 



172 THOUGHTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 

life or property. And it may be done by sonie pri- 
vate individual or company, or by Government, in 
the following manner: — 

The Arctic Ocean having already been sufficiently 
explored to show that it is full of shoals and islands, 
let some suitable point of land or island be selected, 
as far north as it is possible and safe for vessels to 
visit each year with certainty, and where a chain of 
islands is most likely to extend northward, and there 
establish a good and substantial depot of all needed 
supplies, sufficient to last two or three years at least, 
and there also erect good and substantial warehouses, 
and warm quarters suitable for. the accommodation of 
at least one hundred men. 

The larger portion of these men should be con- 
stantly employed in exploring the sea and land still 
farther north, and. moving supplies by the use of 
boats in summer when the sea is open, and by dog- 
sledge in winter; and branch depots or stations 
should be built at reasonable distances farther north, 
wherever suitable land can be found, until the Pole is 
reached. 

Good roads can be built on the ice in winter, from 
one of these stations to another, and temporary huts, 
or way-stations, can be built all along the route every 
ten miles if necessary to insure the safety and 
comfort of travelers and teamsters. These cabins 
can be built mostly of ice. All the timber that would 
be necessary would be a few joice, and perhaps 
planks, to hold up the roof of ice. The roof and 
walls can be made perfectly tight by putting on wa- 
ter and letting it freeze. 

In - this manner the explorers can gradually and 
surely work their way north until they reach the 
Pole. The last two or three hundred miles nearest 
the Pole will no doubt be found to be comparatively 
smooth, unbroken ice. That in all probability is what 
Dr. Kane saw, instead of an open sea. If such 



THOUGHTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 173 

should prove to be the case, there would be very little 
difficulty in making the exploration after reaching 
that point, as road building would no longer be neces- 
sary, and stations erected on the ice would last for 
years. The explorers could scan the more northern 
sea on skates, and hunt the seal, the walrus, and the 
great northern bear, around the Pole, and thus in- 
crease their supplies of food and clothing. 

If this exploration should be undertaken and pros- 
ecuted with vigo ', and in a proper manner, it will 
not take many years, or many millions of dollars, to 
accomplish it, and the routes may afterwards be con- 
tinually kept open, so that the average tourist will 
not consider his travels complete until he has done 
the North Pole. And the lucky and adventurous 
company or nation which should first make the dis- 
covery, may incorporate the territory into a grand 
skating rink, and erect a crystal palace of ice directly 
on the Pole, for the accommodation of guests of ail 
nations, and which may be illuminated during the 
long winter nights by the Great Northern Electric 
Light Company, presided over by the gorgeous 
Aurora herself, clothed ; n all her peerless, refulgent 
and pristine grandeur and glory. 



FUNERAL ADDRESS 

Of Neumasha, or Captain Lewis, the Great Chief 

of the Mariposa and Tuolumne Indians 

at Big Creek, Tuolumne County, 

April 15, 1882. 



^l\ GAIN the voice of mourning is heard in our camps. 
wL The mighty hills send back an answering echo to 
» — our funeral cry. Big Bill, the last great hunter of 
our once powerful tribe, and she who proudly followed 
his daring footsteps through the mountain forests 
in pursuit of the fleet-footed deer, the treacherous 
panther, and the savage bear, both have crossed 
the dark river to the happy hunting-grounds of our 
race. She went before him to prepare his camp, and 
be ready to welcome him to the select company of 
the mighty hunters who have gone before, who live 
forever in perpetual youth, amid abundant game, in 
boundless forests beyond the reach of the white man. 

Thus one after another, in quick succession, we 
pas3 to that other shore. I can well remember when 
our daring hunters were as numerous as the trees on 
yonder hills, and their glad shouts could everywhere 
be heard as they surrounded the nimble deer with 
belts of fire, and supplied themselves, and their wives 
and little ones, with abundant meat and clothing. 
The tall pine and broad-spreading oak yielded a 
bountiful supply of bread; the rich soil in the mount- 
ain valleys and along the streams produced an 
abundance of excellent roots, and our rivers were 
full of the most delicious salmon. 

But, like the trees of our forests, we have been cut 
down and destroyed. Our hunters, together with 



FUNERAL ADDRESS. 175 

most of our brave sons and fairest daughters, have 
left us, and we alone remain to mourn their untimely 
loss. Each succeeding year our numbers diminish and 
grow less, and soon there will be none left to mourn 
our loss, or longer tell the tale of our woes. Our 
villages and the last resting-places of our dead will 
soon be leveled by the plow, and nothing will be 
left on earth to show that we have ever lived. 

The white man has taken possession of^our lands, 
destroyed our game, cut down our forests, and built 
hishomes upon our fairest hunting-grounds. The fruit- 
ful soil where the choicest roots were found has been 
dug up, and washed away, in search of gold. Our 
rivers are obstructed with dams which prevent the 
coming of the salmon, and our spears have long 
since been laid aside and forgotten. 

Thus have our means of living, and the suste- 
nance of our wives and children, one after another, 
been taken away from us, or destroyed, our homes 
desecrated, and our wives and daughters outraged. 
Maddened with jealous rage and oppressed with 
hunger, we sought to drive the invader from our 
homes, but he was too strong for us, and many of our 
bravest warriors fell, pierced by the leaden bullets 
from the unerring rifle in the hands of the foe. Your 
former great chief, Lutorio, fell, bravely fighting for 
his people and their rights. 

At last, being overpowered and disheartened, we 
fled to the deep, dark recesses of the mountains, to 
hide ourselves from the merciless and unrelenting 
foe, the destroyer of our race; but he followed us 
even into the almost inaccessible depths of the Yo- 
semite and Hech-Hechy. Again we sought for 
peace, and these many years we have freely given 
ourselves up to the will and pleasure of the white 
man; but peace has been even more destructive to us 
than war. 

The white man has furnished us with strong 



176 FUNERAL ADDRESS. 

drinks which have maddened our brains, and kin- 
dled within our breasts the names of the evil world, 
causing us to destroy each other. He has seduced 
and debauched our wives and daughters, and alien- 
ated their affections from us, their natural protectors, 
and they and their children have been inoculated 
with the most loathsome diseases known to hu- 
man kind, which have made life a burden and a 
curse, and hurried them on to premature and un- 
timely graves. 

Very few of us have escaped this greatest and 
most deadly curse. And what few children there 
are, still living among us, have the corrupted blood 
of the accursed white man coursing through their 
veins. Their white fathers do not care for them, 
and their Indian mothers have mostly died and left 
them in the care of those of us who still live, which is 
a heavy burden upon us, and adds greatly to our dis- 
tress. But we are fast passing away and must soon 
leave those children who survive us to the tender 
mercies of their inhuman fathers. 

The white man is still upon our track, and is press- 
ing closer and closer upon us on every side. He is 
ready to take the last poor remnant of land upon 
which our villages and burying-places are situated.' 
He is now cutting and selling the last of our wood 
convenient for us, and has turned away from our 
gardens, and appropriated to his own use, the waters 
of the streajns. He seems determined that nothing 
shall be left us to make life desirable, or even possi- 
ble. And why should we linger here to constantly 
brood over our wrongs, and gradually, but surely, 
sink deeper and deeper into the soft and yielding 
mire of black despair? 

I have long stood among you, breasting the storms 
of life, like a tall cedar on the mountain-top, but my 
head has become white with the snows of many 
winters, and my back is bowed beneath its heavy 



FUNERAL ADDRESS. 177 

weight of sorrow. Our friends and children have 
nearly all crossed the dark river, and beckon us to 
meet them on the other side. I can remain with you 
but little longer, and feel that I shall be the last 
great chieftain of our tribe. There is no one who 
cares to take my place. None left to guard the in- 
terests, or advocate the rights of the last remnant of 
a once powerful tribe of the despised and persecuted 
race of red men. May the Great Manitou (the God 
of the Indian) guard and protect each and all of you 
who shall remain to mourn for me when 1 shall be 
gathered to the home of my fathers, and my voice 
shall be heard on earth no more. 



[Written upon the life and supposed death of John Paul Jones, who was 
supposed to have taken poison and jumped from the railroad bridge into the 
river at Sacramento.] 

BY HIS FRIEND. 

He was a friend as kind and true 

As one could wish to have; 
Honest and industrious, too, 

Intelligent and brave. 

He was a soldier through the war, 

And marched with Sherman's host, 
And fought the rebels everywhere, 

In land, and on the coast. 

At Chattanooga, fierce they charged 

Upon the rebel lines; 
At Kenesaw they routed them, 

High up among the pines. 

At Buzzard's Eoost they stormed the h sights, 

Nor feared the rebel yell; 
To charge the foe was their delight, 

Through storms as fierce a? hell. 

My friend was struck with rebel lead, 

And left upon the plain; 
But although he was left for dead, 

He lived to fight again. 



178 FUNERAL ADDRESS. 

And when they did Atlanta reach, 

The rebels held the fort; 
Though hard they tried their works to breach, 

They found no idle sport, 

Until brave Sherman made a plan 

To draw the rebels out, 
Which was far more than they could stand, 

And ended in a rout. 

Then from Atlanta to the sea 

G-reat Sherman led his host; 
His army, in divisions three, 

All safely reached the coast. 

They then marched up along the coast, 

Through South Car'lina State, 
And sealed, with very little cost, 

Proud Charleston's hapless fate. 

Columbia was an easy prey 

As soldiers could desire, 
Though Hampton bravely stood at bay, 

And set the town on fire. 

But why should I prolong my chant? 

Strong Richmond fell at last, 
And Lee surrendered all to Grant; 

Peace followed war's fierce blast. 

Our soldiers were released, once more 

To seek their homes in peace, 
Or visit a more distant shore, 

Their fortunes to increase. 

My friend to California came; 

He had the best of trade, 
Though blacksmi thing is rather tame, 

Compared with rebel raids. 

At Groveland's classic shades he stopped, 

And said he came to stay; 
Had plenty business at his shop, 

No need to go away. 

He seemed in business to excel, 

And married a young wife; 
His friends all thought him doing well, 

Just in the prime of life. 



FUNERAL ADDRESS. 179 

But business did a call engage, 
At Sacramento City, 
He left a letter on the bridge, 
And here must end my ditty. 



Tell me, ye fishes of the deep, 

To me some message send! 
Ye crabs, that on the bottom creep, 

Have ye beheld my friend? 

Now, two years later, comes the news 

Our hero did not die; 
To take the plunge he did refuse, 

But to the mountains fly. 

His wife, with whom he thus did part, 
Who loved him far too well, 

Soon perished with a broken heart, 
Within a hospital. 

And now, 'tis said, he has a home 

In Stockton's crazy house; 
To a sad end they both have come. 
What fortune could be worse? 



THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 



How and by Whom It Was First Organized in 
California. . 



BETWEEN the years 1849 and 1856, 1 followed the 
business of ranching in Sacramento County, 
near theEl Dorado County line, and, it being only a 
few hours' ride from my ranch to Sacramento City, 
business or pleasure often called me to the State 
capital. 

Among my most intimate friends and associates at 
that time in Sacramento, was a gentleman in whose 
company 1 had crossed the plains in coming to Cal- 
ifornia, and who was then engaged in the practice of 
law, and, as may well be imagined, I seldom visited 
the town without making a call at his office. 

It was at one of these visits that my friend asked 
me if I would not like to take a hand in organiz- 
ing a new political party. We had both belonged 
to a branch of the Democratic party known at that 
time, in the State of New York, as Bombumers; but 
as that was merely a local organization, and did 
not reach as far as California, and as we did not feel 
like going back into the ranks of the old " hunkers," 
as the old Democratic party was then called, our 
thoughts very naturally led us in search of some new 
political organization which would better satisfy a 
more improved and enlightened understanding. A 
convention had already been held at Pittsburg, Pa., 
under the auspices of Francis P. Blair, Si\, which 
had adopted a platform that was then before us, the 
principles of which we sincerely and heartily ap- 
proved. 



THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 181 

Under these considerations I readily consented to 
join the little forlorn hope, which was to meet the 
next evening in a small room at the old Academy of 
Music Building on R Street, and we were just seven 
in number, all told, as folllows: Leland Stanford, 
merchant; Charles Crocker, merchant; Huntington 
and Hopkins, merchants; E. B. Crocker, lawyer; 
Cornelius Cole, lawyer, and Charles Sckofield, 
rancher. 

We had no organized meeting, but simply an in- 
formal discussion of the new political movement in 
the East, and its chances of success, and how the 
organization could best be started in California. 

Among other conclusions it was unanimously deter- 
mined that it would be necessary to publish a news- 
paper in the interests of the new party, at Sacra- 
mento, and a stock company was then and there 
formed for that purpose, and all present subscribed 
|100 each to give it a start. And it was further de- 
termined that the new paper should be known as 
the Times, and that Co'e should act as general man- 
ager and James McClatchy as editor. And then, 
alter a somewhat lengthy and desultory discussion 
about other means of founding the new movement, 
and who would be most likely to join it, it was 
finally determined that each person present should 
act as a committee of one to see such persons as he 
would be likely to have the most influence with, and 
do all that lay in his power to forward the cause. 
With this understanding the meeting adjourned. 

Thus was the Organization of the Kepublican party 
launched in this State, but it took a long and most 
determined effort to put its machinery in successful 
working order. Among the earliest advocates of the 
cause, Bates had the platform upon which he was 
speaking torn from beneath his feet. Tracy was 
often hooted down, and Cole and Crocker were often 
refused a hearing. It was then that Colonel Baker, 



182 THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

having espoused the cause, loomed up, like Mt. 
Shasta, above the turbulent waters of Democracy 
and No-nothingism and awed them to silence with ir- 
resistible eloquence. 

But the cause eventually triumphed. Lincoln was 
elected and the war came. General Baker fell at 
the head of his brigade, with his face to the foe, 
bravely fighting in defense of those great principles 
he had advocated with such matchless eloquence, 
his prolific brain riddled with rebel lead. He went 
down beneath the great tidal wave of rebellion, 
u with colors flying, and all sail set." I saw his re- 
mains carefully deposited upon the summit of Lone 
Mountain, near the last resting-place of the lamented 
Broderic. 

But let us now, in the beginning of the year 1886, 
briefly review the fortunes of the original seven or- 
ganizers of the great Bepublican party in this State. 

The first five named, after procuring substantial 
aid from the Government, entered heartily into the 
construction of the Central Pacific Railroad, which 
was finally pushed to its completion and made them 
all millionaires. E. B. Crocker and Mark Hopkins 
have sicce died. Cornelius Cole has served one 
term in the lower house of Congress, and one term 
in the Senate, and is now practicing law in the Unit- 
ed States Courts in San Francisco. 

Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, and C. P. 
Hunting now hold a position among the greatest 
railroad magnates of the nation and the world, and 
not only count their fortunes by millions and tens of 
millions, but they are still adding millions to their 
fortunes each year, until they are fast becoming 
more powerful even than the Government itself, 
which first lent its aid to give them a start in the 
world. 

But what of the seventh man, you ask? He 
raised a company of volunteers, modestly de- 



THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 183 

clined a captain's commission, and served faithfully 
during the war as a private soldier, and is now liv- 
ing, or rather staying, away back among the mount- 
ains of Tuolumne County, California, in a small log 
cabin, and there is none so poor as to do him rever- 
ence. 



Some years since, while stopping at a small vil- 
lage on the line of the Yosemite travel, where the 
stage usually stopped to change horses and give the 
passengers time for dinner, I one day noticed among 
the passengers two young English bloods who 
seemed to take delight in making sport of everything 
American. 

Among other things, directly after dinner, while 
they were standing on the veranda of the hotel, 
waiting for the stage, one of them happened to no- 
tice a printed proclamation from the governor of the 
State, which was pasted upon the wall, calling for 
the usual election of the various State and county 
officers. He called the attention of his comrade to 
the poster, and, after looking it over together, one 
of them turned to me, saying, " You uns have queer 
ways of doing things in this country!" /'Yes," 
says I, "this is a new country; you see we are still 
in the woods here, but when we get older we will 
probably get some old woman to govern us, the same 
as you have in England." " I wish," said he, "that 
blarsted stage would hurry up, and take us hout of 
this bloody 'ole." 



THE SUNDAY LAW. 



N a bright Sunday morning in June, as I was 
standing near the main entrance of, a saloon in a 
small country village, listening to the vulgar and 
obscene language and boisterous laughter of a party 
of men inside, who were engaged in playing cards 
for the drinks, my attention was attracted by the 
appearance of a very interesting and neatly-dressed 
young woman who approached the door, with a 
young child in her arms, and leading another beauti- 
ful child, a little girl of two or three summers, who 
was also very cleanly and prettily dressed. 

On approaching the door, she very modestly and 
with a faltering voice requested the little girl to go 
into the saloon and get her father, who proved to be 
one of the card players at the card table. I saw her 
climb upon her father's chair, and putting her plump 
little arm lovingly around his neck, she requested 
him, in the sweet, innocent language of childhood, to 
come and take a walk with her and mamma, who 
was waiting for him at the door. 

He took the child in his arms, and, going to the 
door, where his beautiful young wife was standing, 
he put the child down by her side, and gruffly bade 
her " Go home with the children; this is no place for 
you." I saw a large tear glisten in her soft blue eye, 
as she took the little girl again by the hand and 
turned to go. And, as she left, I almost involuntarily 
repeated to him his last words to his aggrieved and 
disappointed young wife, " Go home with the chil- 
dren; THIS IS NO PLACE FOR YOU." 

But wife, home, and children had no longer any 
charms for him. He returned to the card table to 
spend the day and his last week's earnings in vile 
dissipation and boisterous mirth. 



OUR GIRLS. 

/pJlKLS should not expect their future husbands to 
If support them in idleness and luxurious ease, and 
^' should therefore prepare themselves to act some 
useful part in the great drama of life. They cannot 
all marry rich men, even were it desirable, and in 
any case it is far better that women, as well as men, 
should have some useful and congenial avocation. 
Her daily employment should be such as will make 
her and those about her more contented and happy, 
and her home the most agreeable and desirable place 
on earth for her husband and children, and thus pre- 
vent them from wandering away in search of forbid- 
den pleasures. She should chain them to her home 
with the silken cords of love. 

But no man should make a slave of his wife, any 
more than she should make a slave of her husband, 
but each should labor for the comfort and happiness 
of the other, and of those precious little pledges of 
love which may be placed in their charge. 



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